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E. L. SHANER Editor-in-Chief E. C. KrREUTZBERG Editor A. J. Harn Managing Editor E. F. Ross Engineering Editor Guy HusBBarp Machine Tool Editor
ie Bis ontents.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
ESTABLISHED 1882
G. H. MANLOVE J. D. Knox W. G. GuDE G. W. BrrpsaLyi W. J. CAMPBELL Volume 106—No. 5 January 29, 1940 New York I. H. Sucn B. K. Price L. E. Browne ; READER COMMENTS \ Pittsburgh Chicago AGC lS gpa RRR po 7 RL. Harrroap J. F. Powe AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS il Detroit Washington NEWS A. H. ALLEN L. M. Lamm fe A. : _ London U.S. Steel Presents Facts To Refute New Deal Price Theories 12 Vincent DELPoRT Steelworks Operations tor Week 19 ASSISTANT EDITORS Financial 19 A. R. FInvey Jay DrEu ts Men of Industry 20 j. G. epson” , sia Nock Obituaries as New Yor A viati e Aviation . Joun H. CaLpweELL nage Opie? : ; a Air Conditioning Manufacturers Confident Great Expansion Is Neat 20 BUSINESS STAFF What’s New at Pittsburgh 2] G. O. Hays Activities of Steel Users, Makers 7 22 wears a Points to Important Economies in Preferred Number System 32 >. H. BaILtey begs ‘ ate “—f : Advertising Service L nited States Increases Tungsten Ore Production; Can Fill All Needs 34 New York E. W. KreEuTZBERG Steelmen Expect 10 Per Cent Increase in Tin Plate Buying 67 | nen WINDOWS OF WASHINGTON - Pittsburgh S. H. JasPEeR 3 Chicago ...... L. C. Pevorr MIRRORS OF MOTORDOM 27 Cleveland ....... R. C. JAENKE EPI D. C. KrerFer EDITORIAL—-Former Questionmark Eliminated 26 ee eee THE BUSINESS TREND Circulation Manager nat MAIN OFFICE nde — Drifts to Lower Levels 2° Penton Building, Cleveland /harts and otatistics 35-39 BRANCH OFFICES TECHNICAL jared York N Ayia gen 1939 Developments in Industrial Heating 10 hicago 520 INorth Michigan /\ve, 7 . ° F Pittsburgh . .. .Koppers Building Industrial Ilumination or I Fuels _. : 6560 Cass Ave. Metals Sessions Feature Annual Meeting of A.I.M.E. in New York 61 Washing _..National Press Building ro . ’ ~ Vashington N ition il Press Building MA I ERIALS I [ANDI INC : Cincinnati _.........200 Sinton Hotel ngs nak San Francisco 1100 Norwood Ave. Shipyard Handling Units 43 Oakland, Calif., Tel. Glencourt 7559 et ‘ = ; London ... ae Caxton House JOINING AND WELDING Westminster, S.W. 1 Welded Oil Well Casing 46 Berlin. ... . Berlin, N.W. 40, Roonstrasse 10 ie Se ree oa ; ee PROGRESS IN STEELMAKING e * ° . ) ° —_ Direct Rolling of Strip 18 Published by Tue Penton Pusuisnine Co., ; Penton Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Jou A’ METAL FINISHING tet aed . a of wg og . SHANI m, ; : | resident anc reasurer; J. R. AWLEY an ‘ y ‘le 57 G. O. Hays, Vice Presidents; F. G. SrEINEBACH, lating le _ vility > Secretary. ' ae . — Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations: Asso- INDUSTRIAL EOL IPMENT 62 = yg saci Papers Inc., and National Pub- NEW METAL PRODUCTS ishers’ Association. JEW S11 AL Pl 6 falter g > every isias. Subscription in the wig : ‘ t Jnite States, Cuba, Mexico and Cz 1ada, one 7 es Die he me % T ) . . year $4, pene vanes Oa European and “od tase MARKET REPORTS AND PRICES 69 aa ee The Market Week - 70 Entered as second class matter at the postoffice . . a ones qlee ) at Cleveland. under the Act of March 3, 1879. BEHIND TI IE SCENES 54 Copyright 1940 by the Penton Publishing Co CONSTRUCTION AND ENTERPRISE 58 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS 94
Oc
PRODUCTION - PROCESSING - DISTRIBUTION - USE
January 29, 1940 g
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splined shanks prevent turning when nut is applied.
@ With this advertisement The Lamson & Sessions and nut products made in this country by Lamson & Company begins a service to industry intended to Sessions. Ask for samples of any of these fastenings which interest you and we will gladly place them on your desk with quotations on any quantities you might consider using. For special fastenings made to blueprint specifications we maintain 75th a complete engineering staff at your disposal. ANNIVERSARY
supplement the personal calls of our representatives. It is a method of acquainting you with certain fastenings developed during the recent past which have real significance to industry. Some are old
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STEEL
PRODUCTION « PROCESSING ¢ DISTRIBUTION ¢ USE
As the Editor Views
@ STEEL production last week (p. 19) declined 3 points to 81.5 per cent of ingot capacity. Consump- tion at metalworking plants is at a much higher level than that of present mill bookings, but an enlarge- ment in orders awaits absorption of a larger share of steel now on hand or due on previous commit- ments (p. 69). Pipe demand, the exception, is brisk. More automotive steel buying is expected shortly. In- dications point to a moderate upturn in new steel buying within another 30 days. Export business continues to improve mildly. Domestic tin plate consumption in 1940 should compare favorably with the 1939 volume (p. 67) and there should be a 10 per cent increase in exports.
First large steel company to report on fourth quar- ter financial returns is Bethlehem Steel Corp. (p. 19) ; it earned a net profit of $13,028,928 in that period.
At Pittsburgh, the weather (p. 31) is the dominating sub- ject. Deeply frozen ground and thick blankets of snow generate fears of disastrous floods in event of a sudden thaw. . . . United States (p. 34) now is producing about 75 per cent of its normal tungsten ore requirements. ... Automobile manufacturers (p. 23) believe the reciprocal trade treaties contrib- ute to our domestic prosperity. . . . Air conditioning (p. 30) has vast potentialities, of widespread signifi- cance to metals and metalworking.
Pittsburgh Fears Flood
Following elaborate research, Dr. Yntema last week (p. 13) reported to TNEC that “demand for steel is determined primarily by general business activity, consumers’ income and industrial profits, and to only a minor ex- tent by the price of steel. Elas- ticity of demand for steel is so low that a reduction in steel prices does not provide an effective means of increasing production and employment in the industry.” New
Determines 4 Demand
January 29, 1940
Deal economists opposed his contentions. . . . In the development stage (p. 28) is a process for making wire from strands slit from strip. ... Newly or- ganized Anglo-French purchasing board (p. 25) has headquarters at 15 Broad street, New York.
y a +
A new control system that automatically regulates power input to electrically heated furnaces (p. 40), is particularly suitable in treatment of materials
that require a constant tempera- Weld Oil ture. ... Exposed parts of ball
bearing transmissions (p. 42) are Well Casings made corrosion resistant by chemi-
cal treatment. ... Wider use of welding in ship construction (p. 43) has resulted in large prefabricated subassemblies; a new screw- luffing full-revolving tower crane simplifies the prob- lem of handling them. . . . Joining of oil well casing by welding (p. 46) proves economical. ... Thirty- gage wire is enameled in a new oven (p. 41) at speeds as high as approximately 1000 feet per minute.
a e ca
Considerable progress is reported in direct rolling of strip from molten metal. Thin gages (p. 48) are being produced at speeds up to 500 feet per minute
with higher speeds a probability. Roll Molten Trend in industry is to place less reliance on natural light and Metal (p. 51) utilize artificial illumina- tion which is more dependable. . A new mechanical parts plant (p. 57) is featured by an exceptionally versatile and efficient depart- ment for polishing and plating in small lots... New subdivision of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers is a Bessemer Steel com- mittee. It will hold a luncheon meeting Feb. 15 (p. 61) during the institute’s annual meeting in New York.
Cec ner sae
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U. 8. Steel Presents Facts To
Refute New Deal Price Theories
WASHINGTON @ UNPRECEDENTED challenge to the New Deal theory that lower steel prices would automatically in- crease demand, reduce unit costs and maintain profits was presented to the temporary national economic committee last week by the United States Steel Corp.
An elaborate and _ exhaustive analysis, supported by statistical data, showed the inter-relationship between prices, costs and steel de- mand. Prepared by Dr. Theodore O. Yntema, University of Chicago, the study concluded that demand for steel is so inelastic and so depend- ent on a multitude of factors that price reductions provide no effective means for increasing production and employment in the industry. It also showed that as result of cost factors, price reductions in periods
of low industrial activity would greatly increase steel company
losses and, if continued, bankrupt the industry.
“New, Vital Information”
In introducing Dr. Yntema, Ben- jamin F. Fairless, U. S. Steel presi- dent, said the Corporation’s records had been thrown open to the pro- fessor and his staff to aid the com- mittee in its study.
The analysis, it is generally agreed, is probably the most com- prehensive ever made of the opera- tions of U. S. Steel, or any other steel producer. Dr. Theodore Kreps, TNEC economic consultant, char- acterized it as “new and vital in- formation” long sought by the com- mittee. Any disagreement with the study would be with its conclusions and not with factual data, he said.
Analysis includes a survey of all cost, demand, and profit factors.
“Our studies,’ Professor Yntema
@ “Substantially lower price levels for steel during the past ten years would have brought general bankruptcy in the industry’”—Dr. Theodore O. Yntema, be- fore TNEC. NEA photo
Shows reductions fail to increase output or employ-
ment; would mean bankruptcy in slack times.
Volum-
inous report presented at TNEC hearing
told the committee, “show that the demand for steel is determined primarily by general business ac- tivity, consumers’ income and _in- dustrial profits, and to only a minor extent by the price of steel. The elasticity of demand for steel is so low that a reduction in steel prices does not provide an effective means of increasing production and em- ployment in the industry.
“Because of this inelastic demand and the character of costs in the in- dustry, a moderate decrease in price results in a great decrease in profits or increase in losses.
“Since margins of profit in the steel industry during the past ten years have been and still are ex- tremely low, no substantial reduc- tion in steel prices could have been borne or could now be borne by the industry without corresponding re-
ductions in costs. This could not be effected without great reductions in wage rates.”
Recognizing TNEC’s interest in re- lation of steel prices to production and employment, Dr. Yntema said: “These studies do not, of course, answer all the questions relating to price flexibility in durable goods, but they do, we believe, present factual evidence illuminating some aspects of the problem.
“The basic questions to which our studies were addressed are these:
“1. To what extent will the pro- duction and sale of steel respond to changes in the price of steel?
“2. To what extent do costs vary with volume of production?
“3. How far, if at all, is it feasible for the steel industry to achieve ad- ditional production and em- ployment in depression by reduction of prices?
sales,
“In other words, is it possible for the steel industry to achieve fuller utilization of its productive facili- ties and thus greater employment by means of price reductions in periods of low demand?
Steel Demand Inelastic
“An analysis of the evidence avail- able to us leads to these conclusions:
“1. The quantity of steel that can be sold is relatively unresponsive to changes in the level of steel prices. In other words, the demand for steel is inelastic. A reduction in the price of steel, therefore, will bring only a small increase in its consump-
tion. The fluctuations in the pro- duction of steel have been due primarily to shifts in demand
caused by changes in general busi- ness activity, consumers’ income and industrial profits. In comparison with these factors, the price of steel has been a minor influence on the quantity of steel sold.
“2. The reduction in average costs resulting from increased output is much less than the reduction in prices which is necessary to induce such increase in output. All but a
13
TOTAL TAXES AND EARNINGS AVAILABLE FOR DIVIDENDS U.S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
200 r-— ri 200 160 -—— 160 EARNINGS “ |AVAILABLE FOR m4 DIVIDENDS <x oe es ae ~ \ 120 fe ond and o) \ © a aed 80 o TAXES \ o 7 Se tt et en a 4 \ - ; Reais os 40 4 o ° ond - 0 0 =) = | A) = -40 |- a \ / -40 4 . -80 SaKXRaARKEKRKRSFEBSBKRRSBHKRHBBBS DADA HDAAHAAAGAAARAAGHGRAAABDHA AHA AH Com com Com om! Conn Cm Comm re [om [ml com) a _ et ml co Co) fom ome ~ [ oon}
@ From 1930 through 1938, U. S. Steel’s total tax bill amounted
to about $410,-
615,000 whereas during this period earnings available for dividends to stock- holders were about $127,072,000, or less than one-third the tax bill
small percentage of the costs of pro- ducing steel, in good times and bad, are cash out-of-pocket expenditures. Unless wages and other costs could have been further reduced in depres- sion, a substantially lower price level for steel during the past ten years would have brought general bankruptcy in the industry.
“In view of these facts, full pro- duction and employment cannot be maintained in the steel industry during depression by means of re- duction in steel prices.”
Dr. Yntema told the committee that during the last 15 years the automobile, railroad and container
industries have consumed almost 40 per cent of the steel produced. These industries represent three dif- ferent types of steel consumers, one using steel as a raw material in the manufacture of a consumers’ dur- able goods, another using steel in the form of plant and equipment, and the third using steel as a raw material in the manufacture of a consumers’ perishable goods.
“The automobile industry has been the largest single consumer of steel for five of the last six years, taking between one-fourth and one- sixth of the total of all hot-rolled steel products. Although it has had
Tot adr
PER CENT
be z lu oO ox lu a. | | } | | om ee Li} Ont WO WONT KDWAONtTHWOWAONtHO WO eo oD Oo OGY = = = = a ON NN NS © MéO mo mM OM st Oo) OOo Aa oH AO oa ov An OEenoagadn= na .an ad 4 ms ml ct a et col 4 Cm ce Lom co a oa - a eo ot com on Cm) @ Since its organization, the ratio of earnings of, Us S. Steel to the combined
investment of stockholders and bondholders has ‘averaged 5.1 per cent: since 1920, the ratio has been about 3.4 per cent; for the past ten years the ratio has been slightly less than 2 per cent
14
a long-term upward trend, automo- bile production has been subject to severe cyclical fluctuations. In 1929, approximately 5.6 million cars were produced. In 1932, production slumped to about 1.4 million, only 25 per cent of the 1929 production. By 1937, production had risen to ap- proximately 5 million cars, more than three times that of 1932.”
For many years, said the witness. “the railroad industry ranked first as a consumer of steel. In 1926, rail- roads consumed approximately 7.6 million tons of hot-rolled finished products, which represented about 21.6 per cent of total output.
“The cyclical fluctuations in rail- road purchases of steel are particu- larly marked. In 1932, the railroads took approximately 1 million tons of steel, while in 1937, a relatively good year, they purchased 4.1 mil- lion tons, still much less than their pre-depression consumption.
“The serious plight of the rail- roads is common knowledge. They have suffered both from a down- ward trend in operations and from the severity of the recent depres- sion. As a consequence, the need for new equipment has declined and the revenues in many cases have been inadequate for maintenance and replacement of existing facili- ties.”
Tin Plate Demand Increases
Consumption of steel by the con- tainer industry, whose _ principal products are consumers’ perishable goods, has shown a substantial up- ward trend since 1923. Dr. Yntema explained “in that year the con- tainer industry took 3.6 per cent of the total finished rolled steel, but since 1932 it has taken on the aver- age more than 8 per cent of the total output. In 1938, it ranked third among consuming industries, ac- counting for 9.9 per cent of the total output of steel.
“While the annual average con- sumption of steel by the container industry was 1.4 million gross tons curing the period from 1923 to 1929, in the period from 1932 to 1938 its annual consumption averaged about 1.9 million gross tons, which is roughly an increase of 36 per cent.
“This relative stability of the con- tainer industry during depression periods is further shown by the fact that tin plate production ranged from about 60 to 90 per cent cf capacity during the depression, while total steel production varied from 15 per cent to 60 per cent of capacity.”
Other steel consuming industries were not examined in the same de- tail. “In .mearly all cases,” Dr. Yntema said, “the products of these industries are durable goods sub- ject to great cyclical fluctuations.
“Many are producers’ goods, which
STEEL
are utilized in the production of other goods and services. In such cases, the cost of the product made from steel is not usually a large proportion of the value of the goods and services produced by the in- dustries using these products made from steel. Consequently, there is good reason to believe that the de- mand for the products of these in- dustries is generally not very elastic and in many cases is inelastic.”
The witness explained relation of the cost of stee] to the price of the finished product. “The demand for steel,” he said, “is derived from the demand for the services rendered by steel products, or, more directly, from the demand for the finished products themselves. A reduction in the price of steel, if passed on, will reduce the price of the finished product.
“In greater or less degree, this will increase the consumption of the product and, thus, the consumption of steel used in its manufacture. Furthermore, a reduction in the price of steel may perhaps increase the use of steel per unit of finished product. In each of these cases, how- ever, the critical question is, how much ?
“The percentage decrease in the price of a finished product made
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES AND COSTS EFFECT OF REDUCTION FROM AVERAGE 1938 PRICES U.S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
possible by a reduction in the price of steel depends upon the proportion of the cost of steel to the value of the finished product. What is this proportion?
“In the case of low-priced automo- biles, the cost of steel is about 10 per cent of the delivered price. This percentage would be lower for a more expensive automobile. For a representative list of canned food products, the cost of tin plate per can varied from 3.4 per cent to 13.9 per cent of the retail price of such food products.
Steel Not Large Cost Factor
“The cost of steel consumed by the railroads is estimated to average only about 5 per cent of the value of transportation services furnished by them. In the construction in- dustry, steel costs range from 4 per cent of the total cost of a frame house to as much as 30 per cent of the total expenditure for a_ steel bridge.
“For a modern automatic packag- ing machine, the steel cost com- ponent was found to be less than 2 per cent of the selling price. Ex- treme examples may be cited show- ing a very high or very low ratio of the cost of steel to the price of the finished product, but 10 per cent ap-
pears to be a reasonably proportion.
“On this basis, a 10 per cent re: duction in the price of steel would correspond to a 1 per cent reduction in the price of the finished product.
Since the elasticity of demand for the finished products of most steel consuming industries is low, prob- ably less than 1 or 2, a 1 per cent decrease in the price of the product would not increase the quantity sold by more than 1 or 2 per cent. If other conditions affecting demand and costs remain the same, a 10 per cent reduction in the price of steel would not increase the con- sumption of steel by more than 1 or 2 per cent through its effect upon the price of the finished product.”
Dr. Yntema told the committee what he had found as result of studies of effects of price reductions in steel,
“From the relationship between costs and volume it is possible to determine the increase in volume necessary to compensate for a given price reduction. Although our estimates of the elasticity of demand for steel are less than 1, it will be assumed in the following calcula- tions that a given percentage reduc- tion in price will cause an equal rela- tive increase in the volume of steel
typical
ESTIMATED ADDITIONS TO 1938 DEFICIT
HOW DEFICIT WOULD HAVE INCREASED IF PRICES HAD BEEN REDUCED AND VOLUME HAD INCREASED TO SAME RELATIVE EXTENT
1200 oi a a eS y 1200 U. S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES nme - 87.2 = SALES AND REVENUES | ye 9% - 1100 a (1938 PRICES) A 110) Ng (1938 voces Less on 3s -—— 7) % 79.2 1000 eee. k Ed 712 MEE wn 900 4 « 2 2 oy tit a ey 63.2 0— SS - ~~ oS 64 HT ys 2 700 3 1EIEITIELE o a a ae Pt ed ey 472, S % 5 S a © 600 ~ 48 —F FA EL EA ED EA Ed Td Ta 390 = ” = ' a. j w S 500 a i= = be Para tl el td oa ae z 31.2 6 =! rs) J ESTIMATED ADDITIONS TO uv = 400 “ 32- F1+4-44+ DEFICIT IF PRICES HAD BEEN} 232 =< = 2 REDUCED AS INDICATED = E : 4 Es - 300 = 24- 152 6 < 72 200 16 : = 100 8 Saeee ACTUAL 1938 DEFICIT
612345 6 7 8 8 Wil 2 13:4 15 16 17 16
MILLIONS OF WEIGHTED TONS OF ALL
0 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN 1938 AVERAGE PRICE
TONNAGE PRODUCTS SHIPPED
— Ten per cent reduction from the average 1938 prices would
have required 48.8 per cent increase in volume, a much
greater increase than could result from such a price reduction.
Note: Costs in above chart are based on 1927-38 experience, adjusted to 1938 conditions
@ Any further decrease in prices in 1938 would have served
but to increase the year’s deficit; the greater the reduction,
the more the deficit would have increased. Note: Actual
1938 deficit is after bond interest but before federal income and profit taxes; nonoperating data excluded
January 29, 1940 15
sold, so that the dollar amount of sales will remain the same. In other words, the elasticity of demand will be assumed equal to 1.
“The sales and revenues of United States Steel Corp. subsidiaries in 1938 amounted to $77.66 per weight- ed ton of products shipped. Of this amount $71.86 represented’ the amount received from the sale of steel and other products, and $5.80 represented income from transporta- tion and miscellaneous operations.
“On the assumption of unitary elasticity of demand and no increase in transportation and miscellaneous operating revenues, a 10 per cent decrease from the average price level in 1938 would require an in- crease of 48.8 per cent in volume of shipments to avoid loss from price reduction.
Increase Not Commensurate
“But the maximum increase in volume to be expected from the price reduction is only 11 per cent. Thus it is clear that a price decrease would induce only a small propor- tion of the tonnage increase which would be necessary to compensate for it.”
Discussing the price situation in greater detail, Dr. Yntema said that “in 1938 the subsidiaries of the United States Steel Corp. shipped 7,800,000 weighted tons, while in 1937 they shipped 13,200,000 tons. To bring the 1938 weighted tonnage up to the 1937 level, a 69.23 per cent increase would have been necessary. On the assumption of a _ unitary elasticity of demand, this would have required a price decrease of 40.9 per cent.
“After such a_ price reduction, revenue per weighted ton would have been $48.26, or $5.10 less than
PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES AND INVESTORS PER DOLLAR OF SALES
the additional cost per ton of prod- ucts shipped. On the assumption (contrary to our previous findings) that the price reduction of 40.9 per cent would have been sufficient to restore the 1937 volume, 13,200,000 weighted tons would have been sold. The Corporation and its subsidiaries would then have had a cash loss of $152,600,000 out-of-pocket fixed costs plus a further loss of $5.10 per ton, or a total cash loss of $219,920;000.
“If depreciation and depletion of assets at this rate of operations. amounting to $60,784,000, were added to the cash loss, the total loss would have been $280,704,000. In one year this would have wiped out more than half the current assets of the Corporation.
“The 1938 price level used in the foregoing calculations is the aver- age of price in effect both before and after the June, 1938, reduction of approximately 10 per cent in the published prices. The relationship between annual sales and revenues and annual costs at various levels of production has also been com- puted on the basis of prices pre- vailing during the second half of 1938. At this lower price level the break-even point (under 1938 costs conditions, without any allowance for dividends on preferred stock) would have been at about 10,500,000 weighted tons, which is equivalent to an operating rate of 50 to 55 per cent of capacity.
“A 10 per cent reduction in prices from this level would have raised the break-even point to about 90 per cent of capacity. If the break- even point were this high, the Corpo- ration would have to operate at the impossible annual rate of 130 per cent of capacity to earn a return be- fore income taxes of only 5 per cent
U. S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
PTT TT TTT LTT | EET] geceee gee pe 50 TTT TH 5 | | ! 777 50 | | i | 1 | 1 | | | | To EMPLOYEES || 40 |4 ehvchpaliedbelelce Lam PAYROLL) | ft | 40 i es | | N"\ " — be Lacan ae ae abana \/ = wd | 7 | X 30 z 2) oO 20 ' tet 4-4-t4- t 20 = TO INVEST! na i AA ba A on gpm bf CASH DIVIDENDS) 10 L] = / LA 10 r — 7 i Vi ——" OU! 0 ~ ontwowmwontwowon wo © SRFRP SSSR TTL ESR RRS ESS @ From 1902 to 1938, payroll payments to employes absorbed an increasing pro-
portion of the sales dollar, while interest and cash dividend payments to investors have absorbed a decreasing proportion
analysis, New Deal _ economists opened a broad attack on the study. Attacking forces were led by Mor- decai Ezekiel, New Deal adviser to the secretary of agriculture, Mar- tin Taitel, WPA consultant, Louis Bean, of the bureau of agricultural economics, and Prof. Melvin D. de Chazeau, University of Virginia, who has been employed by the jus- tice department to assist in prepar- ing the steel case before TNEC. Professor de Chazeau followed Dr.
Yntema to the stand, disagreed with many of the latter’s state- ments.
“If the conclusion reached by the United States Steel Corp. with re- gard to demand for steel and the variation of cost with changes in volume are accepted as valid,” he said, “the possibility of price re- duction without ‘out-of-pocket’ loss is of negligible significance.
Indicates Possible Errors
“In fact, the high level of the vari- able costs so ‘demonstrated,’ $55.73 per weighted ton, relative to the fixed cost, and the constant charac- ter of these variable costs with changes in output practically ren- der a discussion of demand elas- ticity academic. That is, the elas- ticity of demand (i. e., the propor- tionate change in volume with a given change in price) would have to be between 3 and 4—an amount far beyond any conceivable actual elasticity for steel products—be- fore it would pay the corporation to reduce price. Attention will be di- rected, then, first to the analysis of cost and then to that of demand.
“With the exception of payroll and ‘other expense’ items’ which were adjusted for time trend to correct for changes in efficiency, the fixed and variable components in each of the corporation’s expense categories were ascertained by plot- ting annual adjusted expense against weighted tonnage sold in a scatter diagram, fitting a regres- sion line, and extrapolating that line to the base line.
“There is always possible error in the projection of a total expense function derived from an analysis of historical cost data. The shape of the cost function at levels of output below those actually expe- rienced may be different from that within the range of observations.
“A relatively slight change in the slope of the regression line can make a substantial change in the apparent size of fixed and variable costs. It is possible, therefore, that the actual overhead expense of the Corporation is greater than that calculated by the statistical method employed.
“Neglecting this possibility, how- ever, it is apparent that the char- acter of the total cost function and
STEEL
the relative magnitude of fixed and variable components of cost de- pend on (a) the dependence of actual expenses in a given year on the volume of sales in that year; (b) the reasonableness of the ad- justment to 1938 conditions; and (c) the adequacy of the weights em- ployed to obtain a homogeneous single output series.
“Finally, the significance of the result for pricing policy depends on the applicability of this method of cost analysis to a situation in which multiple plants are employed, multiple products manufactured, and dynamic conditions of technol- ogy and capacity obtained. Criti- cisms of the data analyzed, the adjustment of data and_ espe- cially the weighting of tons are important primarily because of their cumulative rather than their individual effect. Because of the limited number of observations a relatively slight change in the loca- tion of points in the scatter dia- grams might render the cost func- tion curvilinear rather than linear. The most important limitation on this study, however, is the narrow significance that may rightly be accorded it for the purposes of pric- ing policy.”
May Reflect Managerial Policy
The professor told the commit- tee that the relation of recorded expense to volume of sales may re- flect managerial policy rather than actual cost and thereby exaggerate the apparent magnitude of variable costs.
The witness said that the assump- tions that must be made to justify the weighted tons employed in the Yntema analysis are so improbable as to throw doubt on the conclu sions derived.
“Assuming the propriety’ of the mill-cost averages, however, it is necessary to assume that the ratio of the average mill-cost of each product to the average mill- cost of all rolled and finished steel products during the sample period 1935-37, was constant throughout the period analyzed, 1927-38, inclu- sive. This is equivalent to an assumption that no_ technological improvements took place in one de- partment or geographic area that did not take place in all depart- ments or geographic areas.
“That this was not true, especial- ly for hot and cold-rolled light steel products like strip, sheet and tin plate which constituted a substan- tial and apparently increasing per- centage of the total tonnage of rolled and finished steel shipped during the period, seems likely.”
If the contentions of the Corpo- ration with regard to cost and de- mand are admitted, Dr. de Chazeau told the committee, one is forced to conclude that from any break- even point a price reduction will
January 29, 1940
bring losses and an upward price movement will bring continuous and increasing profits.
Discussing this, the witness said “the Corporation concerns itself ex- clusively with results which might be expected with a price reduction. But demand elasticity is equally applicable to price increases with a corresponding decline in volume. The conclusion of the Corporation’s analysis would indicate that it would be increasingly profitable to lower
raise prices, disastrous to them. The theoretical monopoly price would be at a point which
allowed the sale of a single ton.”
Following the statement made by Dr. de Chazeau, Professor Yntema resumed the stand with two of his assistants, Richard H. Appert, a for- mer instructor at the University of Chicago, and Harold Gregg Lewis, instruc‘or of economics at the Uni- versity of Chicago. Both of the lat- ter had assisted Professor Yntema in his studies.
“We are glad to have the criti- cisms of our studies offered by Dr. de Chazeau in his testimony,” said Dr. Yntema, “and we appreciate particularly the courtesy extended to us by Dr. Kreps and committee.
“First of all, I should like to clear up any misunderstanding which may exist as to the _ pur- poses for which these studies were prepared. They were not made with any idea of providing the United States Steel Corp. or the steel industry with a formula which could be used as a basis for price policy.
“As a matter of fact, steel men were well aware of the character- istics of the demand for steel and the behavior of costs long before we began this study. We have mere-
ly applied the methods of statistical and economic analysis to the facts and presented our findings to the committee in the simplest way we could,” Dr. Yntema continued.
“Near the conclusion of his testi- mony, Dr. de Chazeau said that if our ‘analysis of demand reflects faithfully the businessman’s cri- terion of desirable price he has dramatized the conflict of private and social interest in pricing policy, which is the fundamental issue be- fore the temporary economic com- mittee.’
“In the first place, there was never any implication on our part that our analysis reflected or had anything to do with the business man’s criterion of desirable price. In the second place, and more im- portant, the phrase ‘conflicts of private and social interest in pricing policy’ requires further clarification. In an economic system of private enterprise, each business seeks, and ought to seek, to make the largest possible profit in the long run,
Cites Steel Competition
“T suppose that most businessmen would like to get a higher price for their products than they do, and I think it is probably safe to say that it would not be in the general social interest for them to obtain as high a price as they would like to get. If this is merely what is meant by the conflict of private and social inter- est in pricing policy, it is an empty phrase. The real question is whether the price level in a particular in- dustry is such as to warrant con- cern for the social interest.
“There seemed to be some ques- tion yesterday as to why the steel
PAYROLL AND EARNINGS PER DOLLAR OF SALES
U. S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
+$—+—4-—4— 4.4 —4-4-+
CENTS ™~ °
+-—}+-—_+—_ ++ + —+—_ ++ 4-4 4 4 5 4 4 ff 4 fy
| (AFTER INTEREST)
CENTS
EARNINGS
-———_-—_
£
1900 1902 |
' Nh Oo
@ Proportion of sales dollar going to employes in form of wages and salaries has had an upward trend, increasing from about 30 cents in 1901 to about 45 cents
in 1938.
Portion remaining as earnings available for dividends to stockholders
has declined, even more than the portion going to employes has increased
ty 3
industry did not charge higher prices for their products if they could thereby so obviously reduce their losses and increase their profits. Certainly it is not because the steel companies do not want to raise their profits from the levels which have prevailed over the past ten years. The situation can only be explained by the fact that the forces of competition are great enough to keep individual companies from raising their prices.”
During the course of the hearings, Benjamin F. Fairless, president, United States Steel Corp., told the committee his corporation had done everything that it could to co- operate with the committee in its desire to learn about the steel in- dustry.
Named 30 To Aid TNEC
He stated that a special TNEC group had been appointed to see that the committee got what it asked. The group consisted of 30 persons, including executives, lawyers and economists. Studies, he said, had been carried on by the group for the past year and a half.
Mr. Taitel said he regarded Dr. Yntema’s study “as highly interest- ing applications of refined econo- metrics, but of little use to the com- mittee as a description of the actual conditions upon which steel price decisions are based.”
Mr. Taitel said “the steel industry has rather generally been regarded as an industry with high ‘fixed’ costs, that is, one of those industries in which unit costs of production decline as output increases.
pricing policy would tend to be one that provides for declining prices as the volume of output increases. Prices in the steel industry, how- ever, have not followed this pattern. They have tended to remain rela- tively fixed. The typical practice has been to increase prices with in- creased volume rather than to de- crease prices as sales expand. Such price behavior is much more con- sistent with a situation in which in- creasing output is associated with constant or rising costs.
“The statistical analysis of costs presented to this committee by the United States Steel Corp. is designed to defend the pricing system prac- ticed by the Corporation.”
Mr. Ezekiel told the committee that the material presented by Dr. Yntema may be summarized in three broad statements:
“1. If the steel industry were to reduce its prices at any time, the percentage gain in sales (due solely to the reduction in price) would be at most no greater than the per- centage reduction in price, so that the gross income of the steel in- dustry would show no increase.
“2. If the sales of steel were to in- crease at any time, the larger out- put would lead to a reduction in production costs per ton. Costs per unit, however, would fall as rapidly as output rose, so that total costs would increase as sales rose.
“3. A reduction in price would al- ways reduce the profits or increase the deficits of the corporation. This result would follow, it is argued, since total income would not in- crease with the increased sales, whereas total costs would increase.
“So far as prices in such an in- dustry are based upon costs, the “There are many weaknesses in CAPITAL, SURPLUS AND LIABILITIES U. S. STEEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES 3.0 > ooo ooo T ‘ - ' TTT TT TTT TTT TTT TTT heeded | THT TI | [| Soe ||| 111 BESSESRLES Jota | LIABILITIES tegaer 2.5| | | | - “Tt $+—{—+-—}— Naan r TTT i 7) | ft MIT iid ” a | | + v ene | S oot HULL SSN Rall li lioo 6S i 1 | | | | QASSFUNDED DEBTS wi720 a = WY TAM | | | 4 ~ 18] Uys yf llisg & o i ZSURPLUS AND yy i © Y | t Gif RESERVES Yt Yi Yy | | no 5 awl LEER, | 5 — ad : *S ssesese im a = = : Steen = a | 3 sees : | w 5} pate Beare || 5 | | 0 Lo N oN +t OO OO NN © © 2 2 we ww oo SRRRRFARRRSLSRARRR RRS
@ Corporation has sound financial structure, with relatively small amount of
liabilities and a comparatively large amount of surplus and reserves, and capital
stock. Present capitalization is represented entirely by tangible assets. Goodwill and intangibles now are carried at one dollar
18
mand for steel in the container, automobile, and railroad industries as presented by Dr. Yntema.
He said examination of the state- ments reveals grave statistical de- fects. “These are,” he said, “defects in methods of analysis as well as in assumptions and in data. In the first three of these studies, the important objective was to reveal the effect of price on consumption, but the meth- ods and data used were inadequate, with the result that the quantitative conclusions arrived at are unreli- able, and so generally recognized by the authors. In some cases ade- quate data were not fully utilized and important price-volume relation- ships remained undetected.
Calls Analysis “Unreliable”
“In the study dealing with total steel consumption by all industries, several of the quantitative analyses presented are statistically unreli- able because of the wide range with- in which the ‘true’ relationships between price and volume may lie. No account was taken of the extent to which one or two extreme ob- servations influenced the results ob- tained. In certain cases where the analyses show little influence of price on volume, a close examina- tion of the data used reveals sub- stantial price influence; and in cases where low prices were found to be associated with low volume, the un- derlying relationships can be shown to be just the opposite.”
Dr. Bean told the committee that “in general, it may be said that all of the analyses give such unreliable results that the authors themselves discard their showings as to the nature of elasticity of demand for steel and resort to the assumption of unit elasticity as a basis for the further analyses of costs in rela- tion to volume and of losses in re- lation to price reductions.
“In their conclusions as to the effect of a given price reduction on the volume of steel, the authors of these studies fail to take into ac- count the effect that such a price re- duction would have on the general average of price of goods directly and indirectly affected by steel prices. They also fail to take into account the additional effect of the increased volume of steel due to a price reduction on business in gen- eral and therefore on steel.
“That there is a positive relation between steel activity and general activity is well known and demon- strated in these demand studies.
(Please turn to Page 68)
STEEL
FINANCIAL
BETHLEHEM’S 1939 BOOKINGS NEW PEACE-TIME RECORD
@ BETHLEHEM STEEL CORP., Wilmington, Del., first large steel producer to release fourth quarter earnings statement, reports net in- come of $13,028,928, equal to $3.74 per common share, compared to $3,658,160 or 56 cents a share for corresponding 1938 quarter. Third quarter profit totaled $5,377,470, equal to $1.10 per share.
Total net income for 1939 was $24,638,384, equal to $5.75 a share on common stock outstanding at year’s end, compared to $5,250,239 for previous year. Net income in 1938 was equal to 70.3 per cent of the year’s dividends on outstanding preferred stock. In 1937 it was equal to $7.64 per common share.
Eugene G. Grace, president, an- nounced Bethlehem will call its en- tire issue of 5 per cent preferred stock totaling $18,677,740 April 1. It will be called at par and out of cash, he stated, the directors feel- ing justified in so doing with the company’s liquid assets at present exceeding $75,0C0,000, compared with about $37,000,000 a year ago. In announcing a dividend of $1 per share on common, payable March 1 to record of Feb. 9, in addition to preferred dividend payments, he also intimated the company would pay another dividend on common for the first quarter, 1940.
Shipbuilding Profits Decrease
New business booked in 1939 to- taled more than $538,000,000, estab- lished a new peace-time record for the company, according to Mr. Grace. It was exceeded only by the all- time high of about $559,000,000 in the World war year of 1917.
Mr. Grace pointed out that despite the volume of ship work let, Beth- lehem actually made less money from its shipbuilding and _ repair operations last year than in 1938. One reason, he indicated, was that fewer ships were completed on which the company could definitely compute profits. He further ex- plained that profit on a shipbuilding project was not determined until the unit was completed, and was then applied to the year the vessel was finished, even though it may have required two or three years to build.
In the fourth quarter last year 110,824 men were employed, com- pared with 96,947 in third quarter and 86,352 in final 1938 period. Pay- roll last quarter totaled $49,167,235, said Mr. Grace, against $39,453,382 for period ending Sept. 30, and $32,- 955,204 in fourth quarter of the preceding year.
Average hourly wage was 92.4 cents for the fourth quarter and
January 29, 1940
District Steel Rates
Percentage of Ingot Capacity Engaged in Leading Districts
Week ended Same week Jan. 27 Change 1939 1938 Pittsburgh .... 78 —4 46 30 CRIMERS «6. ss. 91 —1 45.5, 27 Eastern Pa. ... 80 None 34 31 Youngstown .. 68 — 6 45 St Wheeling ..... 80 —16 64 46 Cleveland ..... 74 — 85 60 31 job: 67 — 3 44 18.5 Birmingham .. 94 None 77 60 New England... 75 — 8 70 20 Cincinnati .... 74.5 None 52 40 St DAs SS None 40 21 Detroit «2... ae. <9 — 4 88 $2 Average .... 815 —3 51:5 33 91.6 cents for the year, against 91.2 for 1938. In last period hours
per week averaged 37.2; in third quarter, 34.5. Average for the year was 35 hours per week compared with 29.9 in previous year. Current steel production, accord- ing to Mr. Grace, is at 91 per cent; in fourth quarter it was 98.6 per cent, and average for the year was 70.8 per cent. Average rate of op- erations in 1937 was 77.7 per cent.
LUKENS STEEL CO.
Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa., reports net income of $83,127, equal to 26 cents per common share for fiscal year ended Oct. 14, 1939, com- pared with a deficit of $288,505 or 91 cents a share in previous year. Net profit in 1937 was $158,218 or 50 cents a common share.
GREAT NORTHERN ORE
Great Northern Iron Ore Proper- ties, St. Paul, reports consolidated net profit for 1939 as $1,198,726, equal to 80 cents a share on 1,500,- 000 shares of beneficial interest. This compares with net income of $784,- 924, or 52 cents a share in 1938. Iron ore shipments last year totaled 7,- 421,000 tens, against 3,411,000 tons in 1938 and 10,466,000 in 1937.
BLAW-KNOX TO ISSUE BONDS
Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, will issue $3,000,000 first mortgage bonds, 3% per cent series, due Feb. 1, 1950. Proceeds will be used for paying off $2,500,000 in short term bank loans and to provide addi- tional working capital.
Bar Mill Wages Steady
@ Monthly settlement of bar mill wage base by Western Bar Iron association and Amalgamated Asso- ciation of Iron, Steel and Tin Work- ers last week developed a card rate for February on boiling, bar and 12-inch mills at 2.15c; and on guide and 10-inch mills, 2.25c. The rates are unchanged from those which have prevailed since last June.
PRODUCTION
STEEL RATE DOWN TO 81.5; EIGHT DISTRICTS REDUCED
@ STEELWORKS operations last week declined 3 points to 81.5 per cent. Eight districts curtailed pro- duction and four were unchanged. Last year the rate was 51.5 per cent; two years ago it was 33 per cent.
Youngstown, O.—-Receded 6 points to 68 per cent, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. taking off three open hearths and Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. and Republic Steel Corp. one each. Schedule for next week is about 66 per cent.
Chicago—Off 1 point to 91 per cent, only one of principal pro ducers’ curtailing. Two smaller mills made slight gains and one a loss. Four mills continue produc- tion above the theoretical capacity.
St. Louis—Unchanged at 83 per cent, with probability the same rate will continue this week.
Detroit—Down 4 points to 87 per cent, four open hearths being taken off for roof repairs. Little current output is going into inventory but backlogs are sharply reduced.
Birmingham, Ala.—Steady at 94 per cent, which has _ prevailed since late Octcber, except during Christmas week.
Pittsburgh—Declined 4 points to 78 per cent, with possibility of slight advance this week.
Wheeling—Dropped 16 points to 80 per cent, two plants going down completely. One may resume this week.
Central eastern seaboard—Held at 80 per cent, addition of one open hearth being offset by other changes.
New England—Lost 8 points to 75 per cent. The same schedule is probably due this week.
Buffalo—Off 3 points to 67 per cent as Republic Steel Corp. with- drew an open hearth for repairs.
Cincinnati—Held at 74.5 per cent for third week. Cleveland—Reduced 8.5 points to
74 per cent, four open hearths be- ing taken off. Indications are for a higher rate this week.
Rolls 902.8 Tons Strip Steel in Eight Hours
@ Ford Motor Co. reports a world record for an eight-hour run of cold-rolled steel at its Rouge plant, Dearborn, Mich. The day shift on the 66-inch three-stand tandem mill recently rolled 902.8 tons. The steel was 19-gage stock, 58% inches wide for use in pressing body quarter panels. This, the company says, beats the previous record of 855 tons in a similar period, established last fall by a Pittsburgh mill.
19
MEN of INDUSTRY
@W. BELTRAN DU MONT, for- merly vice president in charge of sales, Greenfield Tap & Die Corp., Greenfield, Mass., has been elected vice president and a_ director, Threadwell Tap & Die Co., Green- field. He has been associated with the small tool industry 27 years. Other new directors of the Thread- well company are: Philip Rogers, president, Millers Falls Co., and George C. Lunt, treasurer, Rogers, Lunt & Bowlen Co., both of Green-
field. ry
Harold R. Smallman, in charge of the Chicago district office, Hanson- Van Winkle-Munning Co., Matawan, N. J., maker of electroplating equip- ment and supplies, has been made western manager.
o
Charles E. Sloan has been appoint- ed engineer of bridges, Baltimore & Ohio railroad, with headquarters in Baltimore.
¢
©. C. Hartig has resigned as secretary-treasurer and factory manager, Atlas Drop Forge Co., Lansing, Mich. He had been with the company since 1915.
+
David S. Youngholm, vice presi- dent, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., has been elected president, Electrical and Gas Association of New York Inc.
°
Francis B. Davis Jr., president and chairman of the board, United States Rubber Co., New York, will head the industry division in the 1940 campaign of the Greater New York fund.
.
Raymond F. Heasley, the past five years superintendent, Cleveland branch of Crane Co., Chicago, has resigned to take charge of the ware- house of Edward W. Duffy & Co., Detroit.
e
George C. Floyd, formerly super- intendent, alloy strip department, has been appointed assistant general superintendent, West Leechburg di-
vision, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Brackenridge, Pa. +
Gustavo Sommer, S. A., Mexico City, D. F., has been appointed to represent American Nickeloid Co., Peru, Ill., in the sale of American
bonded pre-finished metals’ in Mexico. Sd Leo C. Pelkus, 665 Atlantic ave-
nue, Boston, has been appointed rep- resentative in Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
20
H. R. Smallman
New Hampshire by Ajax Electric Co. Inc., Philadelphia. ¢
Joseph Kaye Wood is resuming active duty as chief engineer, Gen- eral Spring Corp., New York, after temporary association with the Grinnell Co. Inc., Providence, R. L., and the Babcock & Wilcox Co. Ltd., London, for a period of three years.
*
H. Wilbur Paret Jr. has been named Pittsburgh district sales man- ager, Standard Arch Co., with head- quarters at 418 Bessemer building.
¢
H. E. Ryker, heretofore assistant works manager, Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif., has been ap- pointed general manager in charge of all operations, Vega Airplane Co., Burbank, a subsidiary of Lockheed.
7
Bertram G. Parker, president, Youngstown Foundry & Machine Co., Youngstown, O., has been re-
Sidney D. Williams
Who has been named vice president and
in charge of sales of Copperweld Steel
Co.’s new steel division at Warren, O., as noted in STEEL, Jan, 22, page 20
elected president, Youngstown cham- ber of commerce. W. B. Gillies, vice president, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., has been re-elected vice president of the chamber.
+ John O. Ostergren, vice _presi- dent and general manager, Lakey Foundry & Machine Co., Muskegon, Mich., has been elected president and general manager, succeeding Herman A. Becker, who continues as a director. + Charles M. Kearns Jr., research engineer, Hamilton Standard Pro- pellers division of United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn., was presented with the 1939 Lawrence Sperry award by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences for a device to test aircraft propellers in flight, at the institute’s “honors night” din- ner Jan. 26 at the Hotel Biltmore.
+2 Ronald F. Walker, formerly sales manager, Barnes Drill Co., Rock- ford, Ill., has joined Wilson-Brown Co., New York, machine tool dealer, which will represent the Barnes company in the metropolitan area. He will cover the northern New Jersey area for Wilson-Brown. + Louis C. Melzow, associated with McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. since 1909, recently as superintendent of the company’s Detroit plant, has been named assistant works man- ager, with supervision over all branch plants. Ray Hawkins suc- ceeds Mr. Melzow as superintendent of the Detroit plant. + John I. Yellott has been appointed professor and director of mechanical engineering, Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago. The appoint- ment will become effective Sept. 1, concurrent with the beginning of operation of the new Illinois Insti- tute of Technology, new engineer- ing school representing a merger of Armour and Lewis institutes.
+ Walter B. Leishman, formerly vice president, Gardner Machine Co., Be- loit, Wis., has been elected president. He succeeds L. Waldo Thompson,who has become chairman of the board. Ingle R. Shue has been made vice president in charge of abrasive manufacture and research; Robert W. Roth, vice president and super- intendent; C. Winslow Thompson,
secretary-treasurer.
7 Elmer T. Ripley has been pro-
moted from vice president to execu- tive vice president, Cleveland Quar-
STEEL
ries Co., Cleveland. Paul A. Mori, formerly works manager for the company at Amherst, O., has been elevated to vice president in charge of mechanical operations and prop- erties. E. A. Burr, vice president in charge of the company’s Firestone division, has been elected a director. o
Walter E. Mackley has been ap- pointed manager of the Buffalo office, American Steel & Wire Co. He started with the company in 1912. He succeeds F. O. Howard, who has been transferred to New
York. 7
C. A. Smith, formerly superin- tendent, switchgear division, West- inghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., has been named manager, East Pittsburgh factory service division, succeeding the late F. J. Shiring. He has been with Westinghouse since 1892.
+
L. R. Westbrook, formerly assist- ant director of the Cleveland experi- mental laboratory, Grasselli Chem- icals department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del., has been made research manager of the company’s electroplating di- vision. He will continue residence
in Cleveland. +
H. Wilson Ryno, engaged in tool engineering and selling the past 15 years, is now acting as agent in the metropolitan New York and New Jersey territory for Charles L. Jarvis Co., Middletown, Conn.; Swed- ish Gage Co. of America, Detroit, and National Tool Co., Cleveland. His office is at 1060 Broad street, Newark, N. J.
Leon A. Beeghly has been re- elected chairman of the board, Cold Metal Process Co., Youngstown, O. Mr. Beeghly is also president of Standard Slag Co. Other officers re-elected include: President, Venice J. Lamb; vice president in charge of operations, Howard Lamb; gen- eral manager, W. B. Lockwood; secretary-treasurer, W. H. Kilcaw- ley; assistant secretary and assist- ant treasurer, W. E. Bliss.
+
Claude E. Shannon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., has been awarded the Alfred Noble prize of the American So- ciety of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining and Metallur- gical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Western Society of Engineers, for his paper, “A Symbolic Analy- sis of Relay and Switching Cir- cuits” as the best published paper by an engineer not more than 30 years of age. Mr. Shannon is 23. Presentation was made at the win-
January 29, 1940
ter meeting of the Electrical Engi- neers in New York, Jan. 22-26. 7
Bertram M. Ainesworth has been appointed eastern sales manager, Designers for Industry Inc., Cleve- land, with headquarters in New York. He will continue as head of the merchandising counsel division. Charles L. Bennett has been named western sales manager, with head- quarters in Chicago. The follow- ing have been appointed account executives: John Badami, Brook- lyn, N. Y.; A. E. Hartman, Pitts- burgh, covering western Pennsyl- vania and West Virginia, succeed- ing Robert Zeidman transferred to the Cleveland office; Charles Ells- worth, Cleveland and _ northern Ohio; A. A. Platt, Norristown, Pa., eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey and Delaware.
Died:
@ EDWARD E. HUGHES, 77, for- merly vice president, Franklin Steel Co., Franklin, Pa., in West Orange, N. J., Jan 19. At time of his death he was president emeritus, Rail Steel Bar association which he founded and served as president 25 years. Prior to 1900, when he was appointed re- ceiver for the Franklin Rolling Mills, he practiced law in Franklin. He retired in 1930. + William C. Hood, 62, general su- perintendent, H. C. Frick Coke Co., Pittsburgh, a subsidiary of United States Steel Corp., Jan. 22, in Uniontown, Pa. He had been with Frick and affiliated companies since 1897. + Walter M. Schnabel, president, Schnabel Co., Pittsburgh, auto body builder, Jan. 20 in that city. + Frank A. Reuther, 76, vice presi- dent and treasurer, Reuther Found-
ry Co., Harrison, N. J., Jan. 14, in Newark, N. J. ¢
Alvin J. Fuelling, 52, assistant
manager, order department, Ameri- can Steel & Wire Co., Cleveland, Jan. 21 in Cleveland. 4 D. Clinton McKee, 51, vice presi- dent in charge of operations, Bes- semer Limestone & Cement Co., Bes- semer, Pa., Jan. 8. + Hugh Clifford Colville, retired ex- ecutive, Newark Steel Drum Co., Linden, N. J., Jan. 21 at his home in Plainfield, N. J. ’ Albert D. Wade, 65, chief wire salesman, Philadelphia district, Beth- lehem Steel Co., Jan. 23 in Glenside,
a Suburb of Philadelphia. He had long been associated with the steel industry, and had been with Beth- lehem in Philadelphia since 1912, originally through the Cambria Steel Co.
°
G. F. Elliott, 47, chairman, Elliott Co., Jeannette, Pa., power plant equipment manufacturer, recently at his home in Ridgway, Pa.
7
James Skinner, 76, secretary and a director, E. W. Bliss Co., Brook- lyn, N. Y., Jan. 18 in that city. He joined the Bliss company in 1915 as office manager.
+
Charles McNicholl, former traffic manager, American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh, and former president of the Traffic club, Jan. 12 at his home in Pittsburgh.
*
Willoughby C. Bigelow, 74, spe- cialty sales manager, Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn., Jan. 21 in New Rochelle, N. Y. He was an executive of Yale & Towne 47 years.
+
J. C. Weisenbach, 44, in Cleve- land, Jan. 19. He was employed by the City Foundry Co., Cleveland, the past 16 years, ten years as maintenance engineer and six years as superintendent.
+
Frank W. Pitman, 59, owner, LaCrosse Electric Supply Co., and a director, LaCrosse Iron Products Co. and of several other business and financial institutions in La Crosse, Wis., in that city, recently.
+
Thomas H. Heacock, 72, one of
the organizers of Superior Sheet Steel Co., Canton, O., Jan. 8. When
Roemer and other Canton steel leaders formed the Superior company, he assisted in construc- tion of the plant, and in 1929 went to Kokomo, Ind., to supervise work of rebuilding the Continental Steel Co. plant.
Henry
o
Samuel M. D. Clapper, chairman of the board, General Refractories Co., Philadelphia, and vice _presi- dent, Cannon Mills Inc., Philadel- phia, Jan. 19 in Philadelphia. He was a director, Birdsboro Steel Foundry & Machine Co., Birdsboro, Pa.
¢
Guy L. Sintz, 64, active in the de- velopment of the gasoline engine throughout his life, Jan. 18 at his home in Detroit. He lived in Detroit 17 years and had been employed as factory manager for Claude Sintz, his brother, an automobile parts maker.
cae Santhiniees OF: Baha "i UNIVERSAL TURRET LATAES “FAY AUTOMATIC. E # GeAUTOMATIC DOUBLEY END: MILLING. &: CEN NSS. a CHINES ; C AUTOMATE THR «AD G 1G: 2 MACINES COMPARATORS. ‘TANGHNE OND RADIAL, S7AHLQNARY. AND.ABVOLVING DIES AND CRASERS
22 STEEL
Windows of WASHINGTON
By L. M. LAMM Washington Editor, STEEL
WASHINGTON @ INTEREST in trade between United States and Japan has risen sharply dué to abrogation, Jan. 26, of the 1911 commercial treaty be tween the two countries.
In recent months, orders from Japan, especially for iron and steel products, scrap iron, machinery and tools have been increasing. Gov- ernment officals state the increases have been due in part to anxiety regarding uncertainties engendered by termination of the treaty. They also indicate Japan’s increased de pendence on United States as a source of supply. Recognition that with increasing volume of domestic orders for our defense program, and of orders from Europe, filling of new orders will become more difficult is likewise probable.
Reports indicate United States sup- plies Japan with approximately 56 per cent of its essential requirements for heavy industries. According to the American commercial attache at Tokyo, Japan normally depends upon United States for 40 per cent of its total metal imports, 70 per cent of its scrap iron, and 50 per cent of its machinery imports.
Exports to Japan Increas-
United States export figures show that in 1938 $22,061,000 worth of scrap iron was exported to Japan compared with $30,032,000 in the first eleven months of 1939. Value of machinery exported to Japan in 1938 was $27,815,000, compared with $30,720,000 for the eleven months in 1939. Generally Germany and United Kingdom were Japan’s secondary sources of supply for machinery and iron and steel products.
Japan has of late ranked third in United States trade, behind Canada and United Kingdom, both as cus- tomer and as a source of -supplies. United States, however, is by far Japan’s best customer—with the ex- ception of Manchuria—and the larg-
January 29, 1940
est supplier of equipment and raw materials needed for her industries. Japan, in recent years, has supplied about 7 per cent of United States’ annual import trade, and 8 per cent of our exports. The latter, however, regularly supplies Japan with 34 per cent of her total imports, and buys 16 to 20 per cent of her exports.
Considering only trade with for- eign currency countries, United States’ share in Japan’s trade is considerably greater than the above percentages indicate. In 1938, and during the first 10 months of 1939, United States supplied nearly 44 per cent of Japan’s imports from for- eign currency countries, while we bought 27.9 per cent of her exports to those areas in 1938 and 33.7 per cent in the 10-month period of 1939.
SUMMARY OF WALSH-HEALEY PURCHASES IS ISSUED
Labor department has issued a compilation of government pur- chases under the Walsh-Healey act from the time the act went into effect in September, 1936, through 1939.
Compilation shows 2078 contracts were let under the act for iron and steel products, totaling approximate- ly $121,000,000, equal to 7.93 per cent of total contracts let by the government during that period. Un- der the heading “Other Machinery” 2044 contracts were let, totaling nearly $107,000,000 or 7.01 per cent of the total.
AUTO MANUFACTURERS URGE
| TRADE AGREEMENTS RENEWAL
Renewal of the reciprocal trade agreements act, because of its im- portance as a contributor to domes- tic prosperity as well as foreign sales, was urged in a statement sub- mitted to the house ways and means committee on behalf of the Automo- bile Manufacturers’ association.
Addressed to the committee by B.
C. Budd, chairman of the associa- tion’s export committee, and vice president of Packard Motors Ex- port Corp., the statement emphas- ized that while trade agreements have contributed to an expansion in automobile exports, between 85 and 90 per cent of United States’ mo- tor vehicle production is for domes- tic consumption.
“We would not endorse trade agreements if it were thought they jeopardized or adversely affected the home market, where such a pre- ponderance of our production is sold,” Mr. Budd pointed out.
LUKENS STEEL CO. OPPOSES LABOR DEPARTMENT’S APPEAL
Counsel for Lukens Steel Co. and seven smaller eastern steel mills last week filed a brief with United States Supreme Court in opposition to the request of the secretary of labor that the court grant a writ of cer- tiorari in connection with minimum steel wages set under the Walsh- Healey act. Court is expected to decide within two or three weeks whether it will grant a review of the lower court in this case.
When Secretary of Labor Perkins refused to postpone the effective date of her minimum wage order under the Walsh-Healey act, Lukens Co. and seven others went into the courts with the result that Secre- tary Perkins was enjoined from enforcing the minimum wages.
The labor department asked Su- preme Court for a writ of certiorari in connection with a decision last autumn in the United States court of appeals for the District of Co- lumbia. Question presented to the Supreme Court is whether it should exercise its discretion to review judgment of the court below.
Lukens’ brief contends decision of the lower court holding the wage determination invalid because such procedure is beyond authority of
bdo oO
the secretary of labor “plainly con- forms with both the letter and spir- it of the statute involved.”
In arguing against granting of the writ by the Supreme Court, Lukens counsel contends the govern- ment has already had two hearings in court before an appellate tri- bunal. Attention is also called to the fact the court of appeals char- acterized the Perkins minimum wage decision as a palpable evasion of the law “in the teeth of the stat- ute,”
BOARD CHARGES STRATEGIC MATERIALS ARE EXPORTED
Army and navy munitions board is not satisfied with the voluntary co-operation accorded it in connec- tion with exports of essential raw materials. Last week, Secretary of the Navy Edison and Assistant Sec- retary of War Johnson authorized the board to state that if voluntary co-operation does not “operate with complete effectiveness” with special regard to exports of tin and crude rubber “it will become necessary to use other means to deal with the situation.”
Referring to this matter, the munitions board stated:
“While there has been a cessa- tion of abnormal exports of some deficiency materials ... the situ- ation in regard to others has be- come more difficult.
“The war and navy departments believe that unless the method of voluntary co-operation can be counted upon to operate with com- plete effectiveness it will become necessary to use other means to deal with the situation which has developed with respect to the ex- port of crude rubber and tin.”
LIST EXECUTIVES WHOSE SALARIES EXCEED $75,000
Secretary of Treasury Morgen- thau has published a list of individ- uals receiving compensation from corporations for personal services in excess of $75,000 for calendar year 1938 or fiscal year ending in 1939. This action is in accordance with a new provision of the internal revenue code.
Among those listed are: Midland Steel Products Co., Cleveland: E. J. Kulas, salary $96,150; Gordon Ston- er, salary $76,150.
Bethlehem Steel Co. (Delaware): Paul Mackall, salary $90,000. bonus $59,610, total $149,610. Bethlehem Steel Co. (Pennsylvania): E. G. Grace, salary $180,000, bonus $198,- 698, total $378,698; R. E. McMath, salary $60,000, bonus $52,986, total $112,986; F. A. Shick, salary $60,000, bonus $52,986, total $112,986; C. R. Holton, salary $50,000, bonus $32,116,
total $83,116; Q. Bent, salary $90,- 000, bonus $59,610, total $149,610; C. A. Buck, salary $90,000, bonus $59,610, total $149,610. Bethlehem Steel Corp.: C. M. Schwab, salary $180,000.
Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa.: S. E. Bramer, salary $25,000, bonus $1,041.66, other compensation $67,188.57, total $93,230.23.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh: H. E. Lewis, salary $92,013.85.
McKeesport Tin Plate Corp., Mc- Keesport, Pa.: G. V. Parkins, sal- ary $83,333.42.
National Steel Corp., Pittsburgh: George R. Fink, salary $50,000, bonus $50,000, other compensation $400, total $100,400.
Weirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va., E. T. Weir, salary $75,000, bonus $47,500, other compensation $400, total $122,900.
Hughes Tool Co., Houston, Tex.: R. C. Kuldell, salary $30,000, bonus $142,849.54, total $172,849.54; S. P. Brown, salary $24,000, bonus $60,- 716.15, total $84,716.15.
WALSH-HEALEY IRON, STEEL AWARDS TOTAL $2,414,682
During the week ended Jan. 13, the government purchased $2,414,- 682.68 worth of iron and steel prod- ucts under the Walsh-Healey act as follows: Pollak Mfg. Co., Arling- ton, N. J., $58,865.40; Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa., $20,745 (estimated); Jessop Steel Co., Wash- ington, Pa., $26,075.96; Elastic Stop Nut Corp., Elizabeth, N. J., $11,-
458.09.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Watervliet, N. Y., $11,700 (esti- mated); Bethlehem Steel Export
Corp., New York, $291,547.90; United States Steel Export Co., Washing- ton, $110,189.74; Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo., $31,375.32; Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., $11,700 (estimated).
Crucible Steel Co. of America, New York, $11,520 (estimated); American Steel Foundries, Chicago, $30,169.22; York Safe & Lock Co., York, Pa., $604,188; Baldwin Locomo- tive Works, Philadelphia, $1,114,454; Frank M. Weaver & Co. Inc., Lans- dale, Pa., $18,099; Lancaster Iron Works Inc., Lancaster, Pa., $17,- 380 (estimated).
National Cast Iron Pipe A Divi- sion of James B. Clow & Sons, Kan- sas City, Mo., $11,939.40; Koppers Co., Bartlett Hayward division, Bal- timore, $15,621.65; and American Welding Co., New York, $17.654.
COURT INTERPRETS WAGE-HOUR LAW
United States district court, as a result of action to compel adher- ence to provisions of the fair labor standards act, has directed a Chi-
cago firm to re-employ a worker al- legedly discharged because he com- plained to the wage and hour divi- sion, United States department of labor, that his employer was violat- ing the act.
Announcement of this ruling, re- garded as of primary significance in proper enforcement of the law, has been made by the wage and hour division upon receipt of notice from Chicago that Federal Judge Charles E. Woodward, in United States district court there, had signed an injunction restraining the G. & G. Genuine Majestic Refriger- ator & Radio Parts Co., Chicago, from further violations of the fair labor standards act. Notice further di- rected the company to rehire John Gary, a former employe discharged because he supplied wage and hour inspectors with information concern- ing his employer’s failure to com- ply with the act. Injunction also directed payment of $854.35 to twen- ty-nine employes in restitution of unpaid overtime due under the act.
Complaint, filed by the wage and hour division, charged failure to pay time and half for overtime, failure to keep proper records, and discharge of an employe for filing a complaint with wage and hour division.
ENGLAND TO LICENSE ALUMINUM IMPORTS
Department of commerce last week received a cablegram from London stating that effective Feb. 1 imports into England of aluminum and its alloys are prohibited except under license.
Amendment of Wagner Act Declared Essential
@ Industry has “about worn out the olive branch” in its efforts to maintain labor peace, asserted Wil- liam Frew Long, manager, Asso- ciated Industries of Cleveland, at the twentieth anniversary meeting of that organization in Cleveland, Jan. 24.
Charging “closed shop tyranny” was responsible for much labor un- rest, Mr. Long declared amendment of the Wagner act is essential for stable employer-employe relations. Referring to a recent speech by J. Warren Madden, chairman, national labor relations board, he charged Madden’s attitude was an expres- sion of “downright intellectual dis- honesty.”
George S. Case, president of the association and chairman of the board, Lamson & Sessions Co., Cleve- land, presided. E. J. Gleason, resi- dent manager, Fisher Body division, Cleveland, was elected a_ director. a. 2D..Cox: dr. DT. 8, Deen, As B. Norton and S. W. Rolph were re- elected to the board.
STEEL
AVIATION
REVENUES OF DOMESTIC AIR LINES MAY INCREASE 20%
@ ACCORDING to estimates by the civil aeronautics authority, domestic air lines will increase aggregate net revenues this year by 20 to 25 per cent over 1939. The gain in passen- ger revenue is expected to be 30 to 35 per cent; express, 15 to 20 per cent; airmail, 15 per cent.
Carriers fiew 65,024,044 revenue passenger miles in December, Col. E. S. Gorrell, president, Air Trans- pert association, reported. This is an increase of 72.1 per cent over the mileage in November, and 74 per cent over December, 1938. In 1939, the industry flew a record of 677,- 325,511 miles against 476,039,896 miles in 1938, a gain of approximate- ly 42.28 per cent.
Preliminary figures from _ Lock- heed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif., show a net profit of approximately $3,140,000 for 1939. Backlog Jan. 15 this year, exceeded $40,000,000, of which 20 per cent represents com- mercial business.
More than 4000 planes have been ordered in the United States and Canada, in connection with the air training plan now under way in the dominion, according to Transport Minister Howe. These are separate from contracts being negotiated di- rectly between the British govern- ment and Canadian Associated Air- craft Ltd. for fighting planes. The fighting planes will go directly to
the military services in England.
Because of rapid aviation develop- ment, the United States must accel- erate its own research to keep abreast of foreign countries, Van- nevar Bush, chairman, National Ad- visory Committee for Aeronautics told a house appropriations sub- committee.
“Airplanes have now _ reached speeds of 400 miles per hour, with 500 miles per hour considered likely within the next two years,” he said.
He told the committee Germany has five research centers, in con- trast to our one at Langley Field, Va., and a second one being con- structed at Moffett Field, Calif. Re- search activities at the latter field
probably will start Aug. 1, with a force of 77. Secretary of the Treasury Mor-
genthau indicated a program is be- ing worked out for co-ordination of military aircraft purchases in this country by the government and al- lied powers. Procurement division of the treasury department appar- ently is to be the central co-ordinat- ing agency.
At Detrcit preparations are under way for launching “The Capital Feet,” as the new Pennsylvania Central Airlines’ group of 1940 Douglas DC-3s are known. ‘The ships are scheduled to go into serv- ice between Detroit and Norfolk Feb. 1.
The war department last week announced award of a contract to- taling $3,005,600 to Pratt & Whit- ney division, United Aircraft Corp., for engines to be installed in pur- suit and observation planes.
@ After being assembled in a series of steel jigs in another section of Boeing Aircraft Co.'s plant at Seattle, these B-17B bomber bodies take their place at the
start of final assembly line.
As each body receives its wings, on which landing
gear has already been installed, it is rolled forward in the line. Body in middle of picture is just being lowered by overhead cranes to its place on assembly floor
January 29, 1940
British, French To Co-ordinate War Buying
@ ESTABLISHMENT of a joint An glo-French purchasing board in this country was announced last week by Arthur B. Purvis, head of the Brit- ish purchasing commission, who will be chairman of the new board. J. Frederick Bloch-Laine, head of the French purchasing commission, will be vice chairman. Headquarters will be at 15 Broad street, New York, where the French commission al ready is located, and soon to be headquarters for the British com mission.
Board will be composed of mem bers of the two purchasing com missions and will direct all major policies of both commissions. While the new board will conduct certain negotiations directly with producers and manufacturers, the general routine of purchasing, tenders, speci fications and inspections will con tinue to be handled by the British and French missions.
Contemplates Liaison With U. S.
Mr. Purvis declared “every en deavor would be made by the board to insure that its purchasing policies and practices do not conflict in any way with the best interests of Amer- ican economy.” Board will main tain an office at 725 Fifteenth street N. W., Washington, to provide a “liaison with the United States gov ernment in matters which may arise out of the purchasing of war mate rials and supplies at the same time as the United States is itself en gaged in its own preparedness pro gram.”
Department heads in the British commission: Frederick Johnson, di rector of administration; Edgar S. Bloom, director of purchasing; Sir Ashley Sparks, representative of the British shipping ministry; Air Vice Marshal H. M. Cave-Brown-Cave, British air ministry representative. G. Miller Hyde, Montreal, Que., is secretary general at the Washington office.
French commission officials: Eu gene Gentil, assistant to the director general; Col. Jean Francois de Curieres de Castelnau, director of armaments; Henri Morin de Lin clays, director of shipping; Lieut. Col. Paul Jacquin, director of avia tion; Andre Forget, assistant sec retary in Washington office.
Mr. Purvis said the missions like- ly will continue in the market for a wide variety of goods as long as war continues.
As yet the missions purchased any semifinished since the war began, although other buyers placed orders just before hos tilities started and deliveries of these contracts now are being made.
have not steel
Machines of this type, designed by G. T. D. Greenfield’s own engi- neers, grind threads with minimum lead error and to extremely close size tolerances.
Even cut-thread carbon taps are threaded by machines that auto- matically feed, thread and size.
More taps wear out (i. e. wear undersize) than ever break. In terms of tap tolerances, this means that a tap near the “‘low”’ limit may produce only a fraction of the finished holes tapped by one near the high limit. To give users a greater average production per tap, Greenfield has developed super-accurate machinery which permits a closer size control than required by standard tap
tolerances.
Heat treatment is vital, too. Typical of Greenfield research and leadership here is ‘‘Maxi’’ heat treatment, performance in threading
responsible for amazing
abrasive or stringy metals.
Right) The right shape and depth of flute are very important in developing fine cutting qualities and reducing tap breakage.
Below ) This comparator helps to insure correct thread form, which contributes to both accuracy and long tap life.
As the world’s largest manufacturer of threading tools, G. T. D. Greenfield has outstanding opportunities to study performance and give its many thousands of cus- tomers all over the world the benefit of that wide expe- rience. Call in the Greenfield engineer.
Greenfield Tap & Die Corporation - Greenfield, Mass.
Detroit Plant: 2102 West Fort St. Warehouses in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco In Canada: Greenfield Tap & Die Corp. of Canada, Ltd., Galt, Ont.
APS = DIES - GAGES - TWIST DRILLS - REAMERS -: SCREW PLATES - PIPE TOOLS
By A. H. ALLEN Detroit Editor, STEEL
DETROIT
@ INQUIRIES on parts for 1941 models are being fed out at an ac- celerated pace, the smaller or inde- pendent manufacturers as usual be- ing ahead of their larger brethren. Nash, Packard, Studebaker and Hudson all are taking figures on a wide variety of material, such as hardware, upholstery, moldings and the like. Nash and Studebaker will have completely new bodies next year inasmuch as_ present body styles have had only minor refine- ments in two years.
The early start being made on 1941 requirements suggests new models again will be introduced in the late summer or early fall, de- spite widespread preference among dealers to move introduction dates back to January. Even some sup- pliers would like to see new model activity deferred a few months, since it conflicts with similar work from domestic appliance manufac- turers who put their tool and die programs through in the spring and start manufacturing in the summer to have dealers stocked in ample time for Christmas trade. If automotive programs could be deferred until the appliance pro- grams were out of the way, a more even pace could be maintained over the year by a number of suppliers concentrating on these industries.
The small Nash car which has been in process of design for the past two or three years now is in the active stage, although it will not be introduced probably until the 1940 model run is nearly through. It will be recalled four sample jobs were built up some time ago, three by Briggs and one by Budd. How- ever, a complete redesign has been made, the proposal now being for Nash to build its own bodies.
The car will be on 113-inch wheel-
January 29, 1940
base, it is understood, powered by a 6-cylinder engine. The chassis is nearing the manufacturing stage, but a number of decisions remain to be made on body design. As late as last week it was not definitely known whether the job would have a “trunk” back or the_ so-called “fast” back. The latter is the type used by Chrysler and Ford lines and is claimed to give the impres- sion of greater size and roominess to a small, light car such as Nash is planning.
Originally the price set on the little Nash was $550, but it is be- lieved that when final costs are de- termined, the retail price will be considerably above this figure. De- signers are still at work on details such as the instrument panels, door
handles, window regulators, seat cushions and other interior ap- pointments. As far as possible an
attempt is being made to adapt tools
and dies used for parts in the larger models to similar parts in the small model.
Complete redesign is indicated for the large Nash and Lafayette series, with the probability they will be patterned along the lines of the new bodies introduced by General Mo- tors this year for Buick, Pontiac, Olds and Cadillac—known in auto- mobile trade circles as the Torpedo bodies.
So successful has this body style been that General Motors likely will adopt it as standard for its 1941 lines, and develop an altogether new style to replace the Torpedo body next year as the “style bellwether.” Designers in fact are reported to be putting finishing touches on a new body concept which will appear in a limited way as the Torpedo body did this year. Lines are lower and the trunk back has been elim- inated in favor of a smooth, unin-
Automatic Broom Sweeps Mold Conveyor Line
in an air cylinder arranged to reciprocate the width of the conveyor.
Side bars
move in rollers and support the broom rigidly
terrupted general body _ contour.
Gossip has it that several models will appear with periscopes instead of rearview mirrors, in the effort to overcome rear quarter blindspots which are practically unavoidable with the streamlined roofs now pop- ular. Use of a periscope with a curved mirror would give the driver a full sweep of the rear vista, and would prove undoubtedly quite a novelty or fad, particularly in view of the frequency with which sub- marines and periscopes make the news columns these days.
The periscopes probably would be streamlined some way into the roof contour and would have to be high enough to clear the roof crown. Manufacturing costs would be _ in- creased appreciably but, being used on more expensive models, this would not be a serious problem.
A simpler way to clear up blind- spots at the rear of bodies would be to use curved glass all the way around the rear quarters. Several bodies with this type of rear window design have been drawn up, but managements are inclined to think them too radical for present-day consumption. The cost of curved glass pieces of this size, too, is a serious drawback, but against this would be a slight saving in Steel. When glass company technicians have made available a curved glass of this size at a reasonable cost and capable of absorbing average im- pacts, you may see some rear win- dows in automobiles instead of the “slits” which designers dub the win- dows now in use.
Retain Running Boards
The subject of running boards still comes up for a lot of discus- sion. At one time it appeared running boards were doomed to ex- tinction by virtue of expanding bodies and lowering of floor levels. But there are many arguments in favor of their retention. In the first place, persons of short stature find difficulty in hoisting themselves into cars with no step to mount first. Complaints have been heard from women who have ruined silk stock- ings, or barked shins 2gainst sills of cars with no running boards. A third deficiency is that, without a tread on which to wipe shoes, car interiors are being tracked up with much more dirt than otherwise.
Hudson has found more buyers are specifying running boards than not this ‘year, and other manufac- turers offering running’ boards state’ there are still many drivers who prefer them. : @ POSSIBILITY that continuous strip-sheet mills may find a new out- let for their enormous tonnage is seen in the development of a process
for making wire out of narrow sheet continuously. Nearing the pilot mill stage, the process essen- tially is as follows: A 6-inch hot rolled strip is fed through grooving rolis in a four-high mill which marks off 24 or 48 strands on the strip, depending on whether %-inch or ‘%-inch wire strands are wanted. The grooved strip then is passed through rotary shears which simul- taneously and continuously cut off the strands through the grooves. The resulting strands, approxi- mately octagonal in shape, are then pulled through a die which shaves off corners to make approximately a 16-sided section of wire, or nearly
Automobile Production
Passenger Cars and Trucks—United States and Canada
By Department of Commerce
1937 1938 1939 Jan. 399,186 226,952 356,950 Feb. 383,900 202,597 317,517 March 519,022 238,447 389,489 April 553,231 237,929 354,263 May 540,377 210,174 313,214 June 521,153 189,402 324,235 July 456,909 150,450 218,478 Aug. 405,072 96,946 103,343 Sept. 175,630 89,623 192,672 Oct..:....° S3rterw 215,286 * 324,673 Nov. ; 376,629 390,405 *368,538 Dec... . 347,349 406,960 469,002 Year 5,016,437 2,655,171 3,732,374
* Revised. Estimated by Ward’s Reports
Week ended: 1940 19394 Dec. 30 89,365 75,215 Jan. 6 87,510 76.685 Jan, 13 111,330 86,925 Jan, 20 108,545 90,205 gan. 27 i ....- 106,400 89,200
+Comparable week. Week Ended
Jan. 27 Jan. 20 General Motors 42,155 45,140 Chrysler 27,535 27,105 Ford .. — eee 25,650 All Others 10,460 10, 650
round. The wire may be used in this form, or it may be further reduced by drawbenches to smaller diame- ters.
Preliminary estimates indicate about $10 per ton can be saved on the price of wire made by this meth- od, but this presupposes a slight “chiseling” on the price of the hot rolled _ strip.
A point to be considered is that hot-rolled strip is made from _ so- called “wild” steel and always will have some segregation of impuri- ties or pipe at the center. Wire sheared from this center section might be too inferior in quality for subsequent use. Of course, it still might be suitable for core wire in foundries or similar applications, and by the same token strands sheared from the outer edges of the strip would be of high quality
with practically no segregation. The problem of guiding the strip accu- rately during grooving and shearing also would appear to be a major consideration. Further, if it be- comes necessary to pickle or anneal the strip in the processing a large amount of the cost saving might be dissipated.
Patents on the process are owned by a large equipment manufactur- ing company. License has been granted to an independent group for perfection of the process and marketing the product, the patent owner reserving the right to build necessary machinery and probably receive a royalty on sales of the product. An _ experimental plant may be set up shortly in the Detroit district.
Manufacturing plant and miscel- laneous properties of Continental Motors Corp. here was placed on the auction block last Monday and over 500 attended the ceremonies. Reproductive value of the plant alorie was estimated several years ago as $5,314,000.
Bids received were so “unrepre- sentative of true values” that Wednesday the company rejected all of them and refunded deposits. Future course of action is not yet indicated.
Building Programs Continue
Continental has moved all its op- erations to Muskegon, Mich., and under supervision of the RFC is dis- posing of its Detroit properties which are adjacent to plants of Hud- son and Chrysler. They cover 758,- 000 square feet and include a “mil- lion dollar” lawn whnch has been awarded two national prizes. Ap- proximately $35,000 worth of ma- chine tools and miscellaneous equip- ment also was offered at the auction.
New building programs continue to attract attention in the automo- tive and allied fields here. Includ- ed in the substantial program now being shaped up by Buick is a new and modern forge shop. Considera- tion is being given to a foundry plant for the Olds division of GM, now supplied with castings from the Buick foundry.
Vickers Inc., manufacturer of hy- draulic equipment and controls, is contemplating plant expansion here.
Hayes Industries Inc., is drawing up plans for a 200,000 square foot manufacturing space at Jackson, Mich.
Bundy Tubing Co. here is renew- ing sketches for a new plant on the outskirts of the city.
New auto parts plant, Portland Mfg. Co., Portland, Mich., involv- ing expenditure of $150,000, has been started by the parent company, Holley Carburetor Co. here. Punch presses, plating equipment and heat treating furnaces will be installed.
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y—when you flood YNOCO Emulsifying
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CINCIN NATI GRINDERS, INC. more pieces per wheel d ical Representative get intere
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January 29, 1940
Air Conditioning Manufacturers
Confident Great Expansion Is Near
@ AUTOMATIC heating and air con- ditioning are on the threshold of an impressive expansion. That was the consensus of the more than 300 exhibitors at the sixth International Heating and Ventilating exposition in Cleveland last week.
The show, held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning association, brought out a large dis- play of oil, gas and coal heating units, air conditioning equipment and refrigerating apparatus to be used in connection, hundreds of precision and automatic controls, electrical machinery, motors, elec- trostatic air cleaners and other mod- ern equipment.
Manufacturers revealed 1939 gen- erally had been a much better year than 1938, especially for oil burners, gas heating and air conditioning. Many expect 1940 to be the biggest year in their history. Some, figuring on the increase at the beginning of the year, are planning for up to 40 per cent larger sales, an expansion in which the steel and metalworking industries will share.
Automatic heating and air condi- tioning, winter and summer, is in a favorable position for growth. The market is far from saturation. New, improved equipment is offered a lower first costs than formerly, and its increased efficiency is making for economy of operation that augurs well for sales.
One air conditioning manufacturer estimates sales during the next five years will total $2,000,000,000. Of this, at least $600,000,000, he believes, will be spent for portable air con- ditioners for home and office use.
Growth Impressive, but Slow
Summer air conditioning builders, of course, have been ready to dress the industry in long trousers for the past several years, but the infant has been slow to grow to anticipated proportions. Its growth has been impressive percentage-wise — from $1,000,000 (installed cost) in 1920 to $17,000,000 in 1930 and to more than $80,000,000 in 1937.
Its market, however, hardly has been scratched yet. Most reliable surveys indicate residential summer air conditioning is less than one-half of 1 per cent of saturation; estimates of industrial process and commer- cial saturation are difficult, but it is known to be low.
The industry believes it rapidly is approaching a solution to the major
30
problems which have retarded its public acceptance. From earlier basic but crude apparatus, engineer- ing progress has developed efficient, compact and reliable equipment for year round air conditioning of any insulated building. Safe refriger- ants have been developed. Costs— first and operating—have been low- ered. Distribution channels have been improved. The industry is con- fident about the future.
Self-Contained Units for Homes
Potentially the largest, but at present the smallest, outlet for air conditioning is in residences. Manu- facturers recognize this field may be the last to be exploited and that most profits for the next few years will be in commercial and industrial process installations.
That progress toward home air conditioning is being made was clearly indicated by the Cleveland show exhibits. Most pronounced trend was toward self-contained units, big brothers to the room cool- ers introduced several years ago. These now come in sizes up to 15 tons capacity, sufficient for the av-
erage house, suite of offices or small shop. In some cases these can be installed without duct work, or ex- tensive engineering or surveying. They may be moved easily if a ten- ant desires. They are made in stand- ard sizes by mass production meth- ods, resulting in substantially lower costs.
Artisically the modern units are highly advanced. Industrial design- ers were consulted in styling ex- teriors with the result the smaller models are well proportioned and attractively finished. When desired, cabinet exteriors may be finished to harmonize with buyer’s particular color scheme.
Units of more than 10 tons capaci- ty generally are placed in closet or basement, and exterior styling is not so important.
Winter air conditioning has made better progress in residential instal- lations. Coal, gas and oil-burning units exhibited at the exposition cost very little more to install than the older type heating plants. Effi- ciency, manufacturers claim, has been so improved that operating costs are comparable to those for heating alone. Many of these instal- lations make provision for later in-
‘stallation of summer air condition-
ing.
The self-contained or packaged unit also is expected to tap a new commercial outlet, that of the small
Modern Plant Cuts Air Conditioning Costs 40 Per Cent
@ Air conditioning operating costs were reduced 40 per cent by this battery of
four 40-ton Westinghouse hermetically-sealed condensing units, installed at State
Lake theater, Chicago, by Kroeschell Engineering Co., Chicago. Units are au-
tomatically controlled, use suction gas to cool the driving motor. They require
only one-fifth the floor space used by the 15-year-old, less powerful plant they replaced
STEEL
shop or store. A few years ago, the corner drug store owner would have had to expend about $10,000 and hire an engineer or two to run the plant; today, for $3000 he can buy a fool- proof unit that requires practically no attention.
The commercial market in the past has been the most important, ac- counting roughly for 60 per cent of total installations and about 80 per cent of the total horsepower in- stalled. It probably will continue to hold its lead for some years to come. Despite the wide acceptance of year round air conditioning few classes of commercial outlets are near the saturation point.
Department store installations are relatively few in number but large in size. Only about 10 per cent of the country’s 3500 are equipped with year round air conditioning. Office buildings present a problem akin to residential field. Some utility and privately owned offices are equipped. The federal government is one of the largest users of air conditioning. Among year round air conditioned buildings are the department of in- terior, interstate commerce and la- bor, post office, justice, archives, federal trade commission, federal home loan bank, the Capitol, senate and house office, federal reserve, treasury and social security.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. recently spent $1,000,000 for air con- ditioning its headquarters building at Wilmington, Del.
Restaurants, hotels and miscel- laneous small shops are estimated to be from 15 to 20 per cent air conditioned, at least in part. Com- petitive considerations are forcing more installations.
Boon to Railroads
Railroads were among the first to capitalize on air conditioning’s ad- vantages. At midsummer, 11,351 passenger cars were equipped; 6327 were owned by the railroads and 5024 by the Pullman Co. Total pas- senger car ownership by the rail- roads is approximately 39,000. Ship- ping companies are installing cool- ing equipment in important liners, while the navy has ordered it for some of its new vessels.
The industrial processing field was the first to adopt air conditioning, is still far from saturated. During the past year, dehumidifying equip- ment was installed in southern blast furnaces. The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., Jamshedpur, India, formerly had to cease operations during the monsoon season, installed an air conditioning system, now operates continuously.
Air conditioning plays an impor- tant part in the manufacture of such ordnance as high explosive shells, depth bombs, mines, time fuses, star
January 29, 1940
shells. In time fuses, for instance, which are set before the shell leaves the gun to a predetermined time of bursting, the moisture content of the powder affects burning time.
The rayon industry is dependent on air conditioning for its existence. Other textile manufacturers were quick to perceive its advantages. To- bacco plants, candy manufacturers, flour mills and bakeries, many pre- cision machinery manufacturers, breweries, food processing, deep min- ing, safety glass, and dozens of other industries have improved their product, increased output by install- ing air conditioning.
In other applications such equip- ment is used to create extreme con- ditions, hot or cold, for test purposes. The duralium for Russia’s airplanes is aged at 15 degrees Fahr. by tailor- made cold.
Steel, of course, is used for a great variety of purposes in air condition- ing installations. In the field, con- tractors use pipe, valves and fitting.
Whats New at
Then there are the grilles, dampers, cooling towers, and other accessories, as well as a tremendous amount of sheet steel for air distributing and air return ducts.
At the factory, steel is used for motors, compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, mountings, framework and casings, shells for water coolers and condensers, and steel tubing for coils of evaporators, condensers and water coolers. There is a trend to- ward use of finned steel coils, provid- ing a new market for sheets.
Air conditioning manufacturers are unable to estimate with accu- racy the total tonnage of steel con- sumed by their industry annually. The total, while considerable, would not be impressive, on a tonnage basis, compared with the major steel users.
The manufacture of air condition- ing equipment involves practically all the operations of a metalworking plant: Machining, finishing, welding, cutting, forming and fabricating.
Pittsbursh ...
By R. L. HARTFORD, Pittsburgh Editor, STEEL
@ CHIEF interest in Pittsburgh last week was the weather. Conditions were almost ideal for a repetition of the 1936 disaster, with rivers run- ning so low that water supplies were endangered in some towns and most of the surface covered with ice.
The freeze is the worst in 22 years, according to river authorities, with ice gorges jamming the Ohio for more than 100 miles. United States Army engineers found evidence in the Cincinnati section that the river was cutting new channels around the ice, which in many places reached 4 feet above the water level. The river is below pool stage over its entire length.
To add to the potentialities of the situation, heavy snowfall began on Tuesday in the upper reaches of the Monongahela and at the week’s end had blanketed almost the entire western half of Pennsylvania. The ground underneath had already been hardened by two weeks of near-zero weather, and government observers stated a sudden thaw would bring certain floods to the tri-state area. In the office of Public Safety Direc- tor George E. A. Fairley last week the Pittsburgh Flood Menace and Disaster committee met to bring up to date plans to meet an emergency.
Although an extensive flood con- trol program was mapped out after the St. Patrick’s day flood of 1936, the work has not yet progressed far enough to be of much help. Four dams are under construction but none of these is far enough along to
have any considerable effect should warm weather bring on a sudden thaw.
Rivermen stated that under nor- mal conditions it will take at least 30 days to clear the rivers sufficient- ly to resume traffic. Meanwhile, all shipping is paralyzed with the excep- tion of some short hauls in the Mo- nongahela above Pittsburgh, where warm water discharged from indus- trial plants have prevented heavy ice formation.
+
Ask for Checkoff
Last week a union labor commit- tee called on Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. in an effort to discuss the checkoff. Committee presented de- mands and was told to go home and present them through the national offices.
The committee was composed of representatives of the three lodges at Aliquippa, Hazelwood and South- side plants, without power to open contract negotiations. In order to bring up the closed shop-checkoff question, it is necessary to give ten days’ notice to the company. The men indicated this would be recom- mended to the national office by the judges, but there is no assurance the matter will go farther than that.
According to them it is “the open- ing gun” in a nation-wide campaign to secure closed shop and checkoff for all steelworkers. Only a few small plants in the district have con- tracts of this kind.
Activities of Steel Users. Makers
@® KOPPERS CoO., engineering and construction division, Pittsburgh, has been awarded a contract by J. M. Huber Corp., Borger, Tex., man- ufacturer of gasoline and carbon black, for a seaboard process type of liquid purification plant. This is stated to be the largest plant ever built for purification of natural gas, having capacity of 70,000,000 cubic feet of gas daily.
Koppers-Rheolaveur Co., Pitts- burgh, an affiliate of Koppers Co., has been awarded contract by Ameri- can Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, O., for installing a Koppers Battelle launder at its Nellis, W. Va., coal mine. Koppers-Rheolaveur also has been awarded contract by Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, for installing a coal washing plant and extensions to present convey- ing, crushing and storage system at its Hazelwood by-product plant in Pittsburgh.
SJ
Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co., Pittsburgh, with mills at Midland, Pa., has appointed William & Kils- by, Standard Oil building, Los An- geles, a newly-formed partnership, as exclusive Pacific coast representa- tives for the sale of its products in California, Oregon and Washington.
SJ
Automatic Gas-Steam Radiator Co., Pittsburgh, has changed _ its name to Automatic Gas Equipment Co. Broadening of the company’s line of products to include many types of heating units made the change necessary.
°
Union Metal Mfg. Co., Canton, O., has acquired the Corrugated Steel Sheet Piling Corp., Chicago. Alex- ander Mayer, former president of the Chicago corporation, will be placed in charge of sales of sheet pilings which will be manufactured in Canton.
+
Robins Conveying Belt Co., 15 Park Row, New York, will move its executive offices to Passaic, N. J., effective May 1, where a three-story office building is being constructed adjacent to its plant. A sales office will be maintained in New York.
¢
Rex Cutlery Co., Newark, N. J., has purchased the former Tylocase factory at 16-20 Cordier street, Irv- ington, N. J., containing approxi- mately 18,000 square feet of floor space. The new facilities will pro vide the Rex company with about twice its present space.
.
Earle M. Jorgensen Co., Los An-
geles, steel distributor, has erected
32
a new warehouse on a 3*-acre site at Oakland, Calif., to serve the Oakland-San Francisco bay district. Company also has warehouses at Los Angeles and Houston, Tex. ¢ American Scrap Iron Co., Cam- bridge, O., has been organized by Max Wein, until recently engaged in business at Akron, O., under the firm name of Akron Junk Co. He has taken over the business in Cambridge conducted by H. Rosen- berg the past 40 years and property is being modernized. o Deli-Atjeh Trading society, gen- eral exporting firm, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, has terminated its
arrangement with Adolphe Hurst & Co. Ine., New York, and has named H. E. Voegeli its agent in the United States and Canada, with headquar- ters at 303 West Forty-second street, New York. H. A. Wolter, of the Amsterdam head office, will continue to make his headquarters at Mr. Voegeli’s office to supervise pur- chases. °
Rock Island Railroad Co. recently decided to put 55 main line steam locomotives on Timken roller bear- ings. Forty of these are freight locomotives, type 4-8-4, and 15 are passenger locomotives, type 4-8-2. Rock Island equipped ten other loco- motives with Timken bearings two years ago. Maintenance savings shown for these locomotives over the two-year period are reported as 8.2 cents per mile per locomotive.
Amphibian Tractor Has Fabricated Duralumin Hull
@ In the 1940 model Alligator am- phibian tractor built by Donald Roe- bling, Clearwater, Fla., for work in flooded areas, both land and water propulsion are obtained from an endless chain on either side fitted with curved cleats 6 inches high. On land, top speed is 25 miles per hour; in water, 8.6 miles per hour. Tractor draws less than 3 feet of wa- ter without cargo. Hull, 20 feet long, is duralumin, Alcoa 17 ST and has bottom plate of Alcoa 24 ST. Motor
Br Bar 4
is a Mercury V-8, 95-horsepower en- gine. Two 50-gallon tanks hold fuel, and two radiators mounted against rear underside of motor compart- ment deck cool motor. For heavy towing on land or water, two rings are provided at lower rear corners of hull. Clearance under hull is 22 inches. Sealed-beam headlights, pro- tected by Plexiglass windows, are mounted on front below bumper. Tractor accommodates 40 persons standing or a cargo of 7000 pounds.
STEEL
Points to Important Economies in
Preferred Number System
@ ADOPTION of the system of Preferred Numbers as the basis for simplified standardization of sizes of materials and manufactured ar- ticles would result in real econ- omies for industry, according to H. W. Tenney, manager, engineering laboratories and standards depart- ment, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.
Speaking recently before the in- dustrial standards group, Industrial Management’ council, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. Tenney cited some of the unrelated sizes and ratings cur- rently employed.
“For instance,” he said, “sheet steel thicknesses are produced ac- cording to one system and _ strip steel according to another. For the sake of economy, sheet steel is often slit into strips. Strip material, produced as such, cannot be substi- tuted because it is produced to another gage system.
“Because of the development of many independent gage systems we find ourselves in a very serious situation. We not only have one gage system for copper wires and another for steel wires, but worse than that we have eight well known systems for steel wires alone. This situation is not one of recent devel- opment, for as early as 1887 there were over 30 gage systems, 19 of which were wire gages. Further- more, there were at that time a number of additional proposed sys- tems under consideration.
Creation of the present confused situation is attributed by Mr. Ten- ney to the absence of any general- ly accepted system for the selection of sizes. “In the range between 10 and 100, there are 90 integral num- bers to choose from,” he _ pointed out. “If I arbitrarily select certain sizes in this range of numbers for standardization of a certain dimen- sion of a product and each of you independently established a_ series of your own, we will arrive at a situation not unlike that which ex- ists today.
Must Standardize System
“Suppose I am a motor manufac- turer and I decide to make a line of motors having the following rat- ings—20, 25, 35, 50 and 75 horse- power, and some one else decides to establish a line of motors, rated at 20, 30, 50, 60 and 75 horsepower, soon I find I must include the rat- ings my competitor has, which I do not have, and he finds he must in- clude the sizes in my line which he does not have, and we will both be asked to include ratings not con-
January 29, 1940
tained in either. If we are going to have any semblance of order, of system of standardization, both of us must select sizes according to the same system. It was to fill this need that the Preferred Num- ber system was developed.”
Simply stated, Preferred Num- bers are certain numbers that have been selected which should be used for standardizing purposes in pref- erence to any other numbers. They should be used wherever possible for individual sizes and ratings or for series of these.
Tracing the history of the selec- tion of these numbers, Mr. Tenney stated that years ago it was recog- nized the most satisfactory system would be one in which each suc- ceeding number in a series was a fixed percentage larger than the preceding number. This is_ the plan that has been adopted.
Four Series in System
“The present Preferred Number system, approved by the American Standards association, consists of four series, Known as the 5, 10, 20 and 40 series,” the speaker contin- ued. “This simply means that there are 5, 10, 20 or 40 steps with- in the same limits. The percentage difference between successive steps is obtained by taking various roots of ten.
“For example: For the five series the fifth root of ten gives us a fac- tor of 1.5849, or for practical pur- poses this is called 1.60. In the range of 10 to 100, we will have five successive steps in a geometrical series, varying by a constant factor 1.6. In a like manner, the ten series is based on the tenth root of ten, or a factor of 1.2589, which for prac- tical purposes is called 1.25; for the twenty series, the factor is obtain- able by the twentieth root of ten, or 1.1220, which for practical pur- poses is called 1.12: and for the forty series the factor is obtained by the fortieth root of ten, or 1.0593, which for practical purposes is called 1.06.
“The use of factors obtained from the roots of ten have the advantage that numbers above 100 can be ob- tained by multiplying the numbers between 10 and 100 by 10, 100, etc., and numbers below ten can be ob- tained by dividing by 10, 100, etc.
“Between any limits an _ infinite number of geometrical progressions can be developed, and unless specific series are accepted for general use little progress toward standardiza- tion has been accomplished. With the general acceptance of the ap-
proved series, or Preferred Num- bers, a tremendous stride will be made in standardization.”
An important reason why Pre- ferred Numbers have not been adopted more rapidly, according to Mr. Tenney, is because their long term economies are obscured by im- mediate economic considerations. For example, a manufacturer tooled up to make a certain product accord- ing to accepted standards in effect for an extended period possibly can- not afford to discard and start over.
In discussing reasons why Pre ferred Numbers should be adopted. it was pointed out that when new articles are to be manufactured, it is usually impossible to delay ac- tion until national standardization can be brought about. “If, there- fore, the individual manufacturers proceed with Preferred Numbers as the basis of their work, the chances are that the standards of the vari- ous manufacturers will already coin- cide to a great extent, if not com- pletely, when later on national stand ardization is attempted.
“At times the use of these num- bers will naturally result in national standardization without any further time-consuming and costly commit- tee activities. Not only will stand- ardization of certain articles come about through the use of this sys- tem, but it will also bring with it a standardization of tools and many other interrelated parts or articles.
Eliminates Irregular Steps
“In cases where national stand- ardization may never be involved, similar advantages will accrue from their use because it will tend to- ward standardization within an in- dividual company, through auto- matic co-operation of the work of different departments, sections, or individuals. Even with successive designs brought out by the same in- dividual, adherence to the use of Preferred Numbers will have the advantage of counteracting the use of too many or irregular steps in a line or unnecessary differences be- tween such sucessive designs. There is quite frequently an urge in prac- tice for small and irregular steps or sizes because of some temporary ad- vantage which can be secured either from a design or commercial point of view. However, such temporary advantages are afterwards nearly always paid for rather dearly by the expense and complications caused by additional tools, stock, spare parts, etc.
“Finally, the fact these numbers represent a geometric series facili- tates many calculations and elimi- nates a repetition of complicated cal- culations because many results will bear the proper relation to one an- other in a line of devices based on these numbers.”
ww
United States Increases Tungsten
Ore Production: Can Fill All Needs
NEW YORK @ TUNGSTEN ore output has been increased to a point where this coun- try now is producing approximately 75 per cent of normal requirements, and where in emergency, by disre- garding cost, could produce within six months sufficient tonnage to meet all requirements.
In 1938, United States produced 3500 net tons of 60 per cent WO,, equivalent to 3000 net tons of 70 per cent WO,. While figures are not yet available for 1939, output should at least equal 1938 production, due to the increase in demand and pro- duction during the last quarter.
If present conditions continue, it is believed 1940 will be a banner year for tungsten production; many new properties have been opened and production is being increased by some older producing properties.
Demand for tungsten ore in the past four months has been active, but the supply has been equal to the demand. The navy department pur- chased a tonnage of domestic ore in September at $25 per net ton unit, the year’s high price. Procurement division of the treasury also pur- chased 425 tons of Chinese ore in October at $23.75 per net ton unit. yovernment purchases increased market prices temporarily, but for the past 60 days the market has been stable. Material for prompt ship- ment from New York stocks is avail- able at from $23.75 to $24 for ma- terial of standard analysis.
Whatever improvement in demand for tungsten develops this year it is believed that production will be stepped up to meet it. Present prices should continue fairly steady, unless Chinese shipments are cut off, and this seems improbable as there are many roads out of China.
Price Well in Hand
Behavior of prices over recent months, or since the outbreak of the European war, has contrasted sharp- ly with that in 1914. At the begin- ning of the World war, when known production was small, tungsten ore soared to $100 per net ton unit. To- day, despite a major war in Europe, and continued hostilities in China, prices have held within reasonable bounds. Not only has tungsten pro- duction expanded, but Europe has been accumulating stocks since 1937, and last fall, England, to forestall possibility of a run-away market, fixed the prices it was willing to pay (this also applied to France) for a period of several weeks.
As a result, producers throughout
the world wanted to sell in the United States. Bolivia, Portugal, Australia, Africa, Argentina, and many others wanted to take advantage of higher prices prevailing here.
However, they found ore specifica- tions in the United States market stringent and because of impurities (high copper, phosphorus, arsenic and combined tin) little, if any, was sold even at the lower prices, be- cause of the beneficiation and chemi- cal treatment necessary to produce ferrotungsten to specification.
Taking these costs and recovery loss into consideration, the price per unit, even with these lower prices, actually works out higher than if ores produced here or standard Chinese ores were used.
Situation Has Eased
As Europe in recent weeks has increased its price, pressure of South American ore, in _ particu- lar, has lessened; with a _ better movement to the normal European market and with Japan having pur- chased a considerable tonnage for prompt shipment
Incidentally, at the beginning of the Japanese-Chinese war, tungsten ore sold as high as $37 per net ton unit, because of the inability of the Chinese to ship. This lasted only for a few months, when the various truck routes in China and Burma were opened, enabling the Chinese to deliver every yound of ore under contract.
The market had overbought, and when the demand came to a stand- still in the last two months of 1937, high priced ore continued to arrive in this country, only to be exported to Europe to take advantage of a differential of as much as $4 to $6 per net ton unit. Even as late as the spring and summer of 1939 some steel manufacturers were still us- ing material purchased in 1937.
Demand for tungsten took its first sharp spurt at the turn of the cen- tury, when Messrs. Taylor and White discovered high-speed steel, that is, tungsten high-speed steel contain- ing about 18 per cent tungsten, 4 per cent chromium, and 1 per cent vana- dium. This steel, it is pointed out, has maintained its supremacy for production work in the machine tool industry for the past three decades and survived through the discovery of “stellite’ and numerous other metals of this type as well as all of the carbide tool developments.
“Stellite,” in spite of costing eight to 10 times as much as high-speed steel, is highly economical in certain
fields and has found its particular niche. Tungsten carbide, a later dis- covery, selling for 50 times as much as 184-1 also came along to find its particular function in the high- speed tool field where it is more economical to use than ordinary high speed.
So-called ‘‘super-high-speed steels” have come into the market, all a variation of the original yet pri- marily maintaining at all times the same or even higher tungsten con- tent. Tungsten high-speed steel has been the yardstick for the machine tool industry for production work practically ever since its discovery.
After the World war, development of molybdenum high-speed steel was undertaken. Since molybdenum was plentiful in the United States, it was thought that, if high speed steel of this type were developed, American consumers would not have to worry about the source of tungsten sup- ply. Great strides have been made and practically every steel manufac- turer produces a molybdenum high speed steel, which sells for approxi- mately 25 per cent less than 18-4-1.
This, too, will find its niche and when the results are in, molybde- num high-speed steel may cut into the tungsten high-speed steel ton- nage for as much as 10 per cent, it is said. On the other hand, due to the character of the molybdenum producing industry, with its three or four companies with large sources of molybdenum and with virtually unlimited capital and plenty of vision, concentrated development re- search is possible and therefore an ideal high-speed steel may be de- veloped. Because tungsten ores come from many small and varied sources, little money has been ex- pended in direct research work.
Tariff Saves U. S. Industry
At the outset of the World war, production of tungsten ore was small, most of it coming from the western part of the United States and Portugal. Late in 1914, wol- framite was discovered in China in large quantities and due largely to the fact that it came in outcroppings and surface ores the cost of mining was low, and Chinese labor is cheap.
On the other hand, mine costs in the United States have increased. This is particularly true where op- erations have been forced deeper in- to the ground. Some mines today are operating on 1500 to 2500-foot levels. Increased costs in this coun- try have been more or less offset by the tariff protection given tungs- ten to encourage development and production. Without this protec. tion, it is pointed out, not one mine in the United States could operate, and in such times as the present this country would be at the mercy of the rest of the world for its supply.
STEEL
States Seek To Prevent Loss of Industries
@ Franklin Machine & Foundry Co,. Providence, R. I., has been formed as successor to Franklin Machine Co., which, after nearly 150 years of existence, was threatened with liqui- dation because of dwindling busi- ness. Consolidated Products Co. Inc., New York, purchased the prop- erty on request of the Rhode Island rehabilitation commission, holding it until new capital could be ob- tained. The new company is head- ed by Robert S. Holding, president and general manager; Albert L. Smith, vice president and director of sales.
Gov. Raymond E. Baldwin, Con- necticut, has called the state’s de- velopment commission to intervene in a proposal by Eagle Lock Co., Terryville, Conn., that the company be authorized to purchase its own stock up to amount of $800,000. Re- portedly the governor feared pro- posed action might be first step in
liquidation. Editor’s Note: The _ foregoing paragraphs are significant when
considered in the light that most
states now are making special ef- forts to hold their industries and to attract others. Pennsylvania and Minnesota, as recently noted in STEEL, are outstanding examples. A more comprehensive survey of what is being done by other states will be presented in an early issue of STEEL.
Millions of USS Labels On Consumer Goods
@ United States Steel Corp., which for a number of years has been identifying its steel for industrial buyers by a label bearing its trade mark, USS, more recently extend- ed its use to consumer goods. In
1939 more than _ 6,000,000 labels were placed on such goods by manufacturers.
Color distinguishes various forms of steel. The basic label is red and gray, for any product using steel made by corporation subsidiaries. A green label on enameled ware identifies the underlying steel as a corporation product, a blue label indicates stainless steel and orange and blue identifies its springs in mattresses, beds and upholstery.
Crucible Steel Opens New St. Louis Warehouse
@ Crucible Steel Co. of America, New York, celebrated the opening of its enlarged warehouse facilities in St. Louis with an “open house” Jan. 20, attended by more than 400. R. E. Desvernine, president, A. T. Gal- braith, vice president in charge of sales, and J. P. Woodlock, direct- or of warehouse sales, were present to assist R. C. Oram, St. Louis dis- trict manager, in welcoming visi- tors.
Following the reception at the warehouse, Mr. Desvernine pre- sented a dinner to employes in the evening at the Missouri Athletic club.
January 29, 1940
The new quarters are located at 1021-27 Cheuteau avenue, and more than triples the company’s former space at 1518-22 North Ninth street.
A substantial amount was spent on alterations. The warehouse, 60 x 189 feet, is one of 27 branches and warehouses maintained by Crucible in key industrial centers.
The St. Louis district comprises Texas, Missouri, Louisiana, Arkan- sas, Kansas and part of Illinois.
On his way to St. Louis Mr. Des- vernine also attended branch meet- ings in Cincinnati and Indianapolis, reporting success of the company’s new cast cutting material, Rexalloy.
Estimate 12.1 Per Cent Increase in Carloadings
@ Freight carloadings for first 1940 quarter will be 12.1 per cent higher than in the same period last year, for a total of 5,123,227, according to estimates by regional shippers’ advisory boards, furnished to the American Association of Railroads.
Iron and steel carloadings in the quarter are estimated at 447,293, an increase of 45.3 per cent over the corresponding 1939 period; automo- biles, trucks and parts, 193,238 cars, up 18.8 per cent; machinery and boilers, 26,931 cars, 24.8 per cent higher; and agricultural imple- ments and vehicles, other than auto- mobiles, 25,855 cars, an increase of 21.4 per cent.
‘Ships’ Earning Power Raised 5% by Welding’’
@ An increase of more than 5 per cent in the earning power of ships has been achieved by the use of welding, according to a report by the welding research committee, Engineering Foundation, New York.
“The saving in weight has reached about 1000 tons in 6000 tons, which represents about 16
per cent,” it states. ‘“Approximate- ly 800 tons of this weight decrease may be attributed to the use of welding and 200 tons to the im- proved machinery weights. The amount due to welding represents about 13 per cent in saving in hull rate.
“In other words, this means an increase of about 1000 tons in about 15,000 dead weight tons carrying capacity. There is available, then, an increase of more than 6 per cent in earning power, more than 5 per cent of which is the result of welding.”
Ryerson Building Large Addition to Chicago Plant
@ A modern all-steel building is nearing completion at the Chicago plant of Joseph T. Ryerson & Son Inc., already reported to be the larg- est steel service plant in the world. The new building 75 x 555 feet will increase the total floor space to well over 650,000 square feet, a remark- able growth from the two-story iron and steel store built in 1842.
The new span with its 46,000 square feet of floor space will be used for storing hot rolled steel bars, shapes and plates. It will be served by two new 15-ton cranes and direct railroad sidings. In addition to this new unit, an extension has been erected on a 100-foot span in the concrete reinforcing steel section, in- creasing facilities for handling and racking extra long length stock.
Former Questionmark Eliminated
@ STEEL deeply appreciates the co-opera- tion of several hundreds of manufacturing companies in enabling it again to report (STEEL, Jan. 22, p. 13) on steel inventories at consuming plants. Results of the survey showed steel inventories, after increasing 12.2 per cent during September and Oc- tober, moved up an additional 8.6 per cent in November and December, or a total in- crease, in the four months immediately following the outbreak of the war in Eu- rope, of 21.8 per cent.
Seventy-seven per cent of the companies reporting estimated that their steel inven- tories at the turn of the year would last less than 90 days at the then existing and anticipated rate of consumption. Satisfied that the steel industry is and will continue to be in a better position to make deliveries, a number of large consumers signified that they would reduce their inventories during the first quarter. In general, results of the survey showed that fears of last fall that an undue proportion of the buying repre- sented inventory replenishment were un- founded.
Careful Sampling Assures Accuracy;
Most Companies Give Data Freely
The companies whose figures were in- cluded comprise a representative sample of some 8500 companies that commonly are believed to consume approximately 90 per cent of the steel used in this country. They included large and small companies in sub- stantially the right proportion. Hence, re- sults of the survey can be regarded as ac- curately indicative of the trend. It is unlike- ly, for example, that the increase in steel inventories during November and Decem- ber was exactly 8.6 per cent. It is certain,
however, that the real increase was quite close to 8.6 per cent.
One of the gratifying features of these surveys was the liberality of manufacturers in supplying the needed information. Great progress has been made in recent years in releasing data which at one time would have been considered a business secret. In fact, only four manufacturers question- naired replied that they were opposed to giving out such information. One manufac- turer, for instance, explained how the gov- ernment crop forecasts affected farm com- modity prices, and he did not want to be a party to anything that might influence steel quotations. Another said he never re- plies to questionnaires.
STEEL’S Study Valuable Contribution
To Knowledge of Industrial Trends
STEEL’S survey results indicate that it never will be feasible to measure steel in- ventory monthly or quarterly fluctuations in exact percentages. That is because a ma- jority of companies do not maintain records necessary for accurate reports.
STEEL believes that its studies of steel inventory trends provide valuable new in- formation to the field that it serves. This information provides a definite answer to a question which heretofore has been largely a matter of guess. With it businessmen will be in a better position to study trends and establish policies.
Future surveys of steel inventories at consuming plants will be made when it appears that inventory information will be timely. The next questionnaire is slated for March 31 and will be aimed at obtaining data as to what happened to steel inven- tories during the first quarter.
The BUSINESS TREND
Activity Index Drifts To Lower Levels i
@ RATE of industrial activity is shipment in the near future. More through most of this quarter. But holding at encouraging high levels prompt deliveries now available and the absence of new demand, particu- in view of the disappointing volume the probability that prices of raw larly in the durable goods indus- of new business that has developed material and finished products wili tries, has resulted in a moderate re- since the first of the year. not record sharp increases in the cession in activity of this group, the Influences tending to retard addi- near future also tend to induce pur- duration and extent of which cannot tional forward purchases at this chasing agents to follow a more con- be determined at this time. time are that manufacturers have servative course. There is little statistical informa now built up inventories in line Large order backlogs accumulated tion to indicate an important re- with the higher level of operations during the closing months of last trenchment in industrial production. and in most instances have addi- year are expected to support a Most business indicators, while de- tional commitments scheduled for high level of industrial output clining moderately in recent weeks, WY Tye YT yey bd Akl A dk ol lk A UA dd y ITT T TTTT T TT Tr TT a r t——+ | | | ee eee Eh a , 1 ry 120 H#-+—4 JYTBELY INDEX OF ACTIVITY : }____} +1} bass fannint v1 120 IN IRON. STEEL AND METALWORKING INDUSTRIES ie Oe W5 + BASED UPON FREIGHT CAR LOADINGSELECTRIC { —— —+t+—+r— 4 IIS | POWER OUTPUT, AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLIES (WARDS ¢ " i REPORTS) AND STEELWORKS OPERATING RATE | i ' : 0 ane) + (STEEL) AVERAGE FOR 1926 EQUALS 100, WEIGHED t es ’ f y IA | AS FOLLOWS: STEEL RATE 40, AND CARLOADINGS | 4 ' 105 ; ____ POWER OUTPUT AND AUTO ASSEMBLIES EACH 20 | - | AI 4 105 100 : t : — 400 a 95 mas ais a. hes ' ¢ OT a ee a ee a a St i 85 ptt ON 85 O /~1939 Sa Ne a O 80 tet 80 x v u" o & 75 b HL * 75 o 70 + 70 65 65 60 60 2S) = 30 950 45 45 40 + + T T t 40 h | | AN FEE MAF APR | MAY NE V AUG EPT 7 NO 3 } O | | '929 1930 | ISBl | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938) 1989 | 1940 ; — 1 STEEL’S index of activity declined 1.9 points to 117.3 in the week ended Jan. 20: Week ending 1939 =: 1938 Mo. Data 1939 = 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 Nov. 18....... 117.3 100.4 OR barca 91.1 73.3 102.9 85.9 74.2 58.8 48.6 54.6 69.1 87.6 104.1 OV. Zo.....+. 114 93.9 i ee 90.8 424 106.8 84.3 82.0 73.9 48.2 55.3 75.5 99.2 1143.2 Pe Skea 117.9 100.1 March..... 92.6 tae 114.4 88.7 83.1 78.9 44.5 54.2 80.4 98.6 114.0 Dec. 9....... 1239 100.7 i) 89.8 70.8 116.6 100.8 85.0 83.6 52.4 52.8 81.0 101.7 122.5 ga eae 424.2 99'8 eee 83.4 67.4 194,77 101.8 81.8 83.7 63.5 54.8 78.6 101.2 122.9 fan a 1234 948 5 ee 90.9 634 1099 1003 774 806 703 514 +4°.721 £958 £1203 Ree Os six sis Ss 104.0 79.9 SUS on inicc sy, ee 66.2 110.4 100.1 75.3 63.7 rer! 47.1 67. 79.9 115.2 4 Aug....... 83.9 68.7 110.0 97.1 76.7 63.0 74.1 45.0 67.4 85.4 116.9 Week ending 1940 1939 OE 98.0 72.5 96.8 86.7 69.7 56.9 68.0 46.5 64.3 83.7 110.8 Jan. 6....... 110.3 86.5 re 114.0 33.6 98.1 94.8 77.0 56.4 63.1 48.4 59.2 78.8 107.1 Jon, $80.3.:.. 22 91.9 NOV: <.<5. 2 Ieee 95.9 84.1 106.4 88.1 549 52.8 47.5 54.4 71.0 92.2 Jan. 20....... 117.3 93.0 Dec. 0 Le 95.1 74.7 107.6 88.2 58.9 54.0 46.2 51.3 64.3 78.2 37
January 29, 1940
THE BUSINESS TREND—Continued
are still at high levels. In some instances business in- dexes are. only moderately below the peak levels re- corded late last year.
Activity in the iron, steel and metalworking indus- tries as recorded by STeeEL’s index receded 1.9 points to 117.3 during the week ended Jan. 20. In the correspond- ing week last month the index stood at 123.4, but at this time last year it was at the 93 level, in 1938 at 74.7 and 1937 at 104.
Steelmaking operations eased 1.5 points during the
Where Business Stands
Monthly Averages, 1938 — 100 Dec., Nov., Dec., 1939 1939 1938 Steel Ingot Output ......... 228.5 232.4 133.7 Pig Iron Output ............ 234.8 240.0 137.9 Freight Movement ......... 112.1 129.9 100.2 Automobile Production ..... 210.1 164.5 183.9 Building Construction ...... 132.9 112.5 146.2 Wholesale Prices ........... 100.6* 100.8 938.0
*Preliminary.
week ended Jan. 20 to 84.5 per cent. Indications point to a further decline in the national steel rate for the weeks immediately ahead. However, contrasted with a year ago, when the national steel rate stood at 52 per cent, steelworks operations afford a highly favorable comparison.
Other statistical measures of industrial activity, while declining further from the. recent highs, continue in most instances to show substantial improvement over the levels recorded for any corresponding period since 1929.
Automobile production declined seasonally in the week ended Jan. 20 to 108,545 units, compared with the record January week total of 111,330 units reported
VERY ACTIVE 125 Month ago
NORMAI (1926 BASE,
100
—@—Year ago
Industrial Weather
in the previous period. However, output in the week ended Jan. 20 was 20 per cent over the 90,205 units assembled in the comparable 1939 week. Retail sales of passenger cars and trucks are being maintained at an encouraging high level.
Despite a slight decline in electric power consumption during the week ended Jan. 20 to 2,572,117,000 kilowatt- hours, output remained well above any comparable week in the industry’s history.
Revenue freight carloadings totaled 645,822 cars dur- ing the week ended Jan. 20. This represented a more than seasonal decline from the 667,713 cars loaded in the preceding week. During the corresponding period last year freight traffic totaled 590,359, while in 1937 car- loadings numbered 679,376.
The Barometer of Business
Industrial Indicators
Dec., 1939 Nov., 1939 Dec., 1938 Pig iron output (daily av- erage, tons) R 121,535 124,003 71,378 Iron and steel scrap con-
sumption ; 3,805,000 4,025,000 2,441,000 Foundry equipment new
order index 164.8 203.1 141.8 Gear sales index 111.0 126.0 81.0 Finished steel shipments 1,304,284 1,270,894 694,204 Ingot output (daily av-
erage, tons) ; ap 206,577 210,101 120,891 Dodge bldg. awards in 37
states (sq. ft.) . $354,098,000 $299,847,000 $389,439,000 Automobile output 469,002 370,194 406,960 Coal output, tons 37,283,000 42,835,000 36,541,000 Business failure; number 882 886 875 Business failures;
liabilities $12,078,000 $11,877,000 $36,528,000
Nat'l Ind. Conf. board (25 industries, factory):
tAv, wkly. hrs. per worker 39.1 39.0 36.9 tAv. weekly earnings $28.49 $28.24 $26.32 Cement production, bbls. 11,053,000 12,539,000 10,184,000 Cotton consumption bales 652,695 718,721 565,627
Car loadings (weekly av.) 643,380 745,726 575,003
+ November, October and November respectively.
Foreign Trade
Nov., 1939 Oct., 1939 Nov., 1938
Exports .. $292,734,000 $332,079,000 $252,381,000 Imports . $235,402,000 $215,281,000 $181,461,000 Gold exports ‘ $10,000 $15,000 $14,000
Gold imports $167,991,000 $69,740,000 $177,782,000
Financial Indicators
Dec., 1939 Nov., 1939 Dec., 1938
25 Industrial stocks : $194.21 $192.28 $186.99 2 Rail stocks ...... - $23.82 $24.90 $23.74 40° onds ..... eee 2 x $72.28 $72.58 $71.39
Bank clearings
(000 omitted) + eet Commercial paper rate
ces 2 Oe RL): «ss e Vy 5 *Com’1. loans (000 omitted) $8,758,000 $8,656,000 $8,412,000 Federal Reserve _ ratio
{ge (4 io rrr 86.7 86.3 83.7 Capital flotations
(000 omitted)
$22,598,000 $22,244,000 $21,637,000
1 5 5 P b- % 5%. %
New Capital ak ‘is $26,971 $21,408 $241,001
Refunding Sate eats 1% $235,016 $125,140 $288,181 Federal Gross debt. (mill.
ES. GS De aa ere $41,942 $41,305 $39,439
Railroad earnings - $70,345,795 $101,616,298 $49,373,177 Stock sales, New York
stock exchange Soares 17,768,713 19,219,736 27,490,471 Bond saies, par value..... $176,437,000 $151,867,000 $217,717,070
+November, December and November respectively.
*Leading member banks Federal Reserve System.
Commodity Prices
STEEL’S composite average
of 25 iron and steel prices $37.18 $37.50 $36.36 U. S. Bureau of Labor’s Ry free * 79.1 79.2 77.0 Wheat, cash (bushel) $1.22 $1.08 $0.81 Corn, cash (bushel) $0.72 $0.66 $0.67 “*Preliminary. STEEL
160 i936 | 1939 TTP TTT TT tty tt Reveyeryee PUTTTTTTTT TTT ry rr yy , [192971930] S31 TiS3 WDUSTRI AL Industrial Production 150 [gt —t ~ PRODUCTION INDEX Federal Reserve Board’s Index ae Me ADJUSTED FOR SEASONAL VARIATION |_____AU, (1923-25 100) 140 - Fa wae AVERAGE (923,25 +100 1939 1938 1937 1936 130 - Jan. 101 80 114 98 - Y Feb. 99 79 116 94 Z 120 = March 98 79 118 93 uy April 92 77 118 98 110 One May 92 76 118 101 & June 98 77 114 103 oO July 101 83 114 107 100 Aug. 103 88 117 108 Sept. ; a 90 111 109 90 : Oct. 120 96 102 109 Nov. 124 103 88 114 80 |- Dec. | 128 . 104 84 121 10 as | | | Average. 106 86 110 105 3 | COMPILED BY FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD OPrslor hide plis Treeeigven er SMe e eee Oee eee eS é 1938 19329 1940 250 5O 929 1930/1931719321933 1934 1935] FABRICAT ED Fabricated Structural Steel 230 $00 STRUCTURAL STEEL 30 (1000 tons) 210 200 210 ——Shipments ISO wo 1939 1938 1937 ¥ 190 100 I90 2 Jan. 84.3 87.8 99.9 O 50 BOOKINGS e Feb. 84.4 81.2 102.2 u 10 , = 70 Mar. 125.3 103.3 143.0 oO O Apr. 120.9 100.0 146.8 DO Ie pf 2 May 125.9 96.4 140.5 B 150 | i 0 o June 130.1 98.6 147.6 ta = iy 7N or July 110.5 88.0 156.4 Oo 130 i } oa B80 2 Aug. 139.7 98.6 166.1 Z ij er & Sept. 140.8 93.5 163.5 = 110 +f 110 = Oct. 132.1 105.0 155.9 —— ae / Nov. 123.2 99.9 130.2 | Ys pf \i } \ Dec. ..... 106.5 108.4 90 | ~ ta —— SHIPMENTS Aj v y 90 ia, aga 4 - = Total 1,158.8 1,660.6 1 Vi 10 rf RIGHT Ga v = COMPILED BY AMERICAN IN E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION INC. —] 50 1936 1939 30,000 SPUN Ge ee a a F [1929]1930 | 931193211933) z FREIGHT CAR AWARDS Freight Car Awards 20000F- —+- | eg GOMPILED : = ae oe SCALE GRAQUAT 4 4 cpus eal (Hundreds of Cars) * | 1939 1988 1937 1936 o F Jan. 03 25 178.06 20.50 & 10,000;- Feb. 22.59 1.09 49.72 69.00 O } Mar. 8.00 6.80 81.55 6.32 uw Ee April 30.95 15 97.72 44.27 O S000 ht STEEL May 20.51 60.14 47.32 89.00 in r | June 13.24 11.78 5.48 52.00 Oo i July 1.10 00 1030 72.29 = ] Aug. 28.14 182 14.75 2.25 > — | Sept. 230.00 17.50 12.16 17.50 5 | Oct. 196.34 25.37 1355 22.10 500 F} | Nov. 6.50 1232 2.75 15.50 lool : Dec 35 25.81 2.75 34 5K SOF 7 Total 577.75 163.03 516.11 645.23 IOF ++ —+1 OF L L | i mee i JFMAMJJASOND F MJ JASONDJ FMAMJ JASONDJ FMAMJ JASOND 1939 1940 4500 | 4500 Iron and Steel 4250 }- DOMESTIC IRON « SELL. | 4250 Scrap Consumption 4000}— SCRAP CONSUMPTION —-s 4000 _DATA COMPILED BY INSTITUTE OF \ aQ7F Gross tons Y 3750 SCRAP IRON & STEEL INC. oT 1939 © 3500 3500 2 Jan 2,495,000 - por Feb. 2,313,000 f 3250 “4 era 2,634,000 = eae 2,317,000 ] 3000 9 ME sche xs 2,263,000 } 2750 6 June 2,428,000 y ae 2,551,000 2500 a PS See 2,919,000 2250 ee 3,282,000 Oct, 3,974,000 2000 - PRs ss esi 4,025,000 Dec 3,805,000 — (750 See? ofc a a ~ & aS 35,006,000 Comment 040 ISOO _ _ 250 ee ee oR WSS oe i 0 JEMAMIJASONDJ FMAM) JS ASONDJSFMAMS J ASOND
|
Fig. 1—Temperature control instrument,
time clock, control switch and Reactrol
control panel without cover at lower left, for gas carburizing furnace
@ A NEW system for automat- ically regulating the power input to electrically heated equipments such as furnaces, boilers, super- heaters and air heaters is called the Reactrol system. It regulates power input by varying the voltage im- pressed on the heating resistors in accordance with temperature or pressure requirements. It is par- ticularly suitable for continuous processes and in the treatment of materials that might be affected by slight changes in temperature.
In its simplest form, the Reactrol
10
New control system found particularly suitable for
continuous furnace and critical temperature’ work.
Two chamber malleable-iron annealing furnace permits
shorter cycle, low energy costs
system consists of a control panel, a temperature or pressure control instrument and a saturable-core re- actor. See Fig. 1. In operation, the pressure or temperature control instrument containing a special po- tentiometer feeds low-voltage cur- rent into an amplifying tube on the contro] panel. This tube, in turn, regulates the flow of direct current to the saturable-core reactor which acts like a valve to regulate the voltage applied and thus the amount of power going to the electric heat- ing equipment. The system pro- vides accurate and rapid tempera-
Fig. 2—Catenary-type furnace with Re-
actrol control for normalizing steel strip.
Heating chamber 31 feet long, 5 feet ac-
tive width; cooling chamber 60 feet long.
Rated 460 kilowatts. Oblique delivery- end view
ture or pressure control with prac- tically no overshooting.
Marking or scratching the surface of bright steel strips is avoided in a new type of continuous furnace ar- ranged to support the strips on rolls outside the heating chamber at each end, where they as well as the strip are relatively cool. The strip hangs in a free catenary between the rolls, so the high-temperature portion of the strip is untouched by a sup- porting means. If the rolls were in the heating chamber, marks or scratches would be likely to occur.
The new furnace, Fig. 2, desig- nated as a catenary type, has the usual extended cooling chamber to cool the strip below oxidizing tem- perature before it emerges and also has the necessary feed-in rolls and coiling reels. The 460-kilowatt heat- ing chamber is 30 feet long, 5 feet
STEEL
By C. L. IPSEN Industrial Department General Electric Co Schenectady, N. Y
| ffoating
wide and operates at 2000 degrees Fahr. Reactrol control is employed, with a temperature-control instru- ment provided for each of the four zones.
Elevator Furnace
For those foundries where _ pro- duction does not warrant a contin- uous-type furnace, a 2-chamber elec- trically heated elevator furnace was produced for annealing malleable iron castings. After completion of the high-temperature portion of the annealing cycle, the furnace car is lowered from that chamber and placed in the low-temperature cham- ber. At the same time a new cold charge is placed in the high-tem- perature chamber.
Such a furnace eliminates the time required for cooling the fur- nace, and the time and energy for reheating the furnace as compared with a single-chamber furnace. The resulting advantages are a shorter annealing cycle and lower energy consumption.
Wire Enameling Oven
Economy in operation, smooth- ness of operation, uniformity of product and increase in wire speed were achieved in new oven equip- ment for enameling wire. For the manufacture of the new Formex magnet wire it was necessary to de- velop new equipment and methods for applying and baking the coating on the wire since the insulation has high viscosity and is applied by pulling the wire through a die rath- er than by the conventional dip method. Several sizes and types of ovens, all with Calrod heating units, were developed for baking the insulating film on the wire. A
Fig. 3—Enameling machine; 16 heads,
electric oven and bare wire stand, at
River works of General Electric Co., West Lynn, Mass.
January 29, 1940
horizontal oven is used for wire sizes 31 gage and smaller, and a vertical oven for 30 gage and larger.
A typical equipment, Fig. 3, con- sists of a 14-kilowatt oven with top and bottom sheaves and automatic temperature control, a motor-driven take-off reeling mechanism, and sup- ply racks for holding the spools of wire.
When enameling wire sizes from 23 to 30 gage, 16 spools feed bare wire into the oven. Since the wire
strands in the oven at one time. Such an oven will enamel approxi mately 1000 feet of 30-gage wire per minute. Of course, production varies with wire size—the larger the diameter of the wire, the slower the speed.
Induction Furnace Equipment
In some industrial heating or in- duction melting applications, high- frequency generators occasionally operate in an atmosphere containing harmful foreign particles. Clean ventilating air can be piped to a generator, but this requires extra space and is sometimes costly. On a large unit it is usually advan tageous to totally enclose the ma chine to prevent entrance of for eign matter, and cool the machine with water-cooling coils.
Since in a high-frequency induc- tor-type generator the magnetic flux does not reverse or change appre ciably in the stator, the water-cooling coils may be placed directly in the core. Here the heat is not trans- ferred to the air, but it is conducted directly to the cooling coil. This method of cooling was applied to a totally enclosed, 1200 kilowatt, 1800 revolution per minute, 960 cycle, single phase, inductor-type generat- or which is one of the largest units ever supplied for use with an induc tion furnace.
Powder metallurgy commonly re
41
quires the sintering of parts made of pressed, powdered metals at ele- vated temperatures in a controlled atmosphere. A new mesh-belt con- veyor-type electric furnace has been produced for such work. Suitable for operating temperatures up to 2100 degrees Fahr., the heating chamber is equipped with heavy nickel-chromium rolled-ribbon _re- sistors.
Work is loaded on light pans which are carried through the fur- nace on a woven wire belt. After sintering in the heating chamber, the work travels through an ad- joining water - jacketed cooling chamber where the parts cool in protective atmosphere. Fig. 4 shows recently installed furnace rated 102 kilowatts. It has a door opening 12 inches wide by 8 inches high, heat- ing chamber 10 feet long, cooling chamber 20 feet long. Several standard sizes of furnaces of vari- ous types—box, mesh-belt and roller- hearth type—are available for sin- tering. The type chosen generally depends upon the rate of produc- tion—the box type for the lowest and the roller-hearth type for the highest production rates.
Electric Brazing Furnaces
Manufacturers of electric refrig- erators were the first to make wide use of electric furnace brazing in the fabrication and assembly of parts. From this field, the brazing method spread to the automotive industry where it is today a famil- iar and successful manufacturing
Fig. 4—Electric controlled-atmosphere furnace for sintering powdered metais. Mesh-belt conveyor 12 inches wide, door opening 8 inches high, heating chamber 10 feet long, cooling end 20 feet. To- tal 102 kilowatts, operating tempera- ture 2100 degrees Fahr. maximum, oblique charging-end view
process. In like fashion, the past year has seen an increasing ac- ceptance of electric furnace braz- ing by the aircraft industry.
In general, the application of elec- tric furnace brazing has increased during the past year in a normal, steady manner. Standard furnace equipment, for the most part, has been the type usually demanded. There have been, however, occasion- al installations of special equipment for out-of-the-ordinary jobs such as the brazing of aluminum.
.
Text on Materials Used in Engineering
@ Engineering Materials, by Alfred H. White, professor of chemical en- gineering and chairman of the de- partment of chemical and metallur- gical engineering, University of Michigan; cloth, 547 pages, 6 x 9 inches; published by McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, supplied by STEEL, Cleveland, for $4.50.
This is intended primarily as a text for engineering students who have had the usual course in fresh- man chemistry. Practicing engi- neers will be interested in a sys- tematic presentation of recent ad- vances in the field of materials. No knowledge of organic chemistry is assumed and the treatment of pro- tective coatings and plastics is -ele- mentary, preceded by a brief intro- duction to carbon compounds.
The text is supplemented by 75 tables and 200 illustrations. Scope is indicated by chapter headings: Theoretical introduction; iron and its alloys with carbon; effect of heat treatment on iron-carbon alloys; manufacture of iron and iron-carbon alloys from the ore; early methods of producing wrought iron and steel; manufacture of steel by the
plain carbon steel; properties of plain carbon steel as affected by fabrication; casting processes; gray cast irons and malleable castings; steels with one alloying element; steels with two or more alloying constituents and steels for special purposes; copper, nickel, zinc, tin and their alloys; aluminum, mag- nesium and the light alloys; lead and its alloys; solders and bearing metals; corrosion of metals and pro- tection by metal coatings, rocks and their decomposition products; clay products; fused silicates, vitrified clay products, glass, slags and re- fractories; lime, gypsum and mag- nesium oxychloride products; sili- cate cements and other cements; fuels and combustion; water and its industrial utilization, soaps; organic preservative materials and protec- tive coatings; plastics and related products.
Corrosion-Resistant
Rolled Alloy Sheet
@ Fafnir Bearing Co., New Britain, Conn., announces a chemical treat- ment to render exposed parts of ball bearing transmissions corrosion re- sistant without changing physical properties or dimensions. Treat- ment forms a jet-black oxide-layer penetrating 0.0002 to 0.0003-inch in- to surface of metal without chang- ing external dimensions. This pro- tective layer is claimed not to be af- fected by temperature and not to chip or peel.
According to U. S. navy salt-spray corrosion tests, seals, shields and collars so treated are 10 to 25 times more resistant to corrosion than un- treated metal.
STEEL
Shipyard Handling Units
Prefabrication of large subassemblies in shipbuilding
results in development of screw luffing, full revolving,
cranes which easily handle 20 tons at 62-foot radius, 8
@ ADVANCES in construction of all-welded and partly welded ship have resulted in fabrication of larger and larger assemblies. In fact, one shipbuilding yard has found it possible to decrease construction time greatly by employing large pre- fabricated subassemblies produced in the shop and simply joined to- gether at the ways to form the ship.
Drydock work also is found to in- volve larger and heavier pieces of equipment than formerly, requiring cranes of larger capacity alongside the ways. Both of these trends are causing the size of handling equip- ment to increase to take care of these larger loads. At the same time, utmost in safety must be in- corporated as in all cases a failure or fumble in operating the crane units would result in serious finan- cial loss and serious hazard to nearby workmen.
Typical of the heavier equipment being used for such service are the
Fig. I—Electrically driven 20-ton screw
luffing crane with boom in horizontal
position. Photos courtesy Dravo Corp.., Pittsburgh
two new screw-luffing full-revolving tower cranes recently built by Dravo Corp., 300 Penn avenue, Pittsburgh, for installation in the yards of the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry- dock Co., Newport News, Va. These new cranes are installed one on each of two trestles to replace two worn out and obsolete cantilever-type un- its. The two new units supplement the first revolving crane purchased in 1930 to replace an old cantilever- type crane similar to those now be- ing discarded. In addition to the in- creased capacity, use of the first full- revolving crane has resulted in ma- terially increasing speed of assem- bly of vessels on the adjacent ship- ways.
Mounted On Trestle
Each of the new cranes has a 125- foot boom and a main hoist hook with an operating capacity of 20 tons at a radius of 62 feet and 10 tons at a radius of 93 feet. An auxiliary hoist provides a capacity of 8 tons at a radius of 113 feet. As shown
ot Seth
as aoe ~~ setae MA hla GO ls. tia oon" er ad
s
operations tower type
at 113 feet
foot centers. The new vide adequate flexibility for duty shipyard service.
An outstanding feature of the new units is the screw-luffing mechanism which: affords an exteme margin of
safety in handling of heavy crane lifts over expensive completed as- semblies. In these units, a luffing
screw replaces the standard, multi- part, wire rope, luffing lines usually employed. Use of a luffing screw permits accurate and safe spotting of heavy assemblies into a ship. Use of the screw-luffing mechan- ism has been made practical by ap- plying a welded, triangular boom. The luffing mechanism consists of a screw arrangement working on two nonrotating nuts mounted in steel trunions. Having an overall length of 35 feet, the screw is made of forged nickel steel, normalized and quenched. The screw has a lineal travel speed of 2.15 feet per minute. To change the boom from maximum to minimum radius re-
Fig. 2—Here screw has been actuated to lift boom, providing adequate flexi- bility for heavy duty shipyard service
+ —~
or. te eel
‘= oe Sea. § y “ & 3 Re owe se by 7% Ca . eae “ mY he 4 mess al . ee ‘ ef, : “a. oy kip ate ee o ys Hp f i. Wt aap J sane 4 Fi > « ; (\( | ; ; J ' — = ), Vi Wi —— i 1 j - i 4 . on
protected by an electric limit switch with slowdown and final stop ar- rangements.
Driven independently, the two hoisting units are mounted on an integral welded base. The main hoist drum of Mayari cast iron is
grooved for %-inch wire rope lead lines, the load block being reeved for four’ parts of line. Mechanism is motor driven through a double set of spur reduction gears to give a rope speed of 78 feet per minute.
Auxiliary hoisting unit is driven by a motor identical with the unit driving the main drum. This drum likewise is grooved for a single %- inch wire-rope lead line. Auxiliary block is reeved in two parts of line, using a nonspinning-type of wire rope. Speed of rope is 205 feet per minute..
The tower structure is 35 feet high above the runway rails and has a wheelbase of 35 feet with a travel speed of 350 feet per minute in still air. Tower is of welded design and built of heavy structural shapes rig- idly braced on all four sides. Two double-jaw automatic rail clamps are mounted in the center of each tower leg and are designed to hold the crane against a 100-mile-per-hour wind.
Top of tower is arranged to form a sturdy base on which are mounted the lower rail circle, the rotating rack and the center stediment cast- ing. The center stediment, consist- ing of a bronze-bushed male-female part, is mounted at the center of ro- tation of the crane and is designed to absorb all of the horizontal forces. A racking mechanism provides the machine with a rotating speed of 1% revolutions per minute.
Entire weight of rotating struc- ture is supported on a circular roller path of high-carbon rolled steel. Double-flanged wheels with bronze bushings are assembled in a double- channel circular cage. Heavy rails form the upper and lower rail circles, the complete assembly mak- ing an unyielding, level turntable.
Rotating platform is completely welded and consists of four longi- tudinal girders and two. vertical trusses, with crossbeams for sup- porting machinery, counterweight and kingpin.
The 125-foot boom is pin-connected to the top front end of the longi- tudinal trusses. Triangular shape and framing details of this boom represent departures from orthodox boom design. The efficient propor- tion of the component parts and tri-
(Please turn to Page 66)
Fig. 3. (Top)—The triangular shape of
the boom, found most suited to the use
of the screw luffing principle, was made
practical through modern welding de- sign shown here
Fig. 4, (Center)—Luffing mechanism in process of assembly
Fig. 5. (Bottom)—Turntables being as- sembled. Other parts such as drums, trucks, etc. also are being prepared
STEEL
O relieve congested machine shops or press
rooms, look for hidden plant capacity in your present production set-up. What is this hidden plant capacity? It is the hours lost at each machine through shutdowns caused by poor tool performance. Every time a tool must be re-ground or replaced, it ties up the pro- duction of one machine. Multiply this by the number of shutdowns caused by prematurely dull, broken or worn tools, and you will readily see how much hidden capacity is being tied up in your plant. Get the benefit of this extra capacity now by improving tool and die performance. Send for a Carpenter booklet that shows the modern time-saving way to insure this improvement through better tool steels and methods that keep production moving faster.
THE CARPENTER STEEL COMPANY, Reading, Pa.
(arpen ler
Discover your
HIDDEN PLANT CAPACITY
The Carpenter Steel Company, OL eae, 139 W. Bern St., Reading, Pa.
TIME TO CHECK U / &
Without obligation, send me your 60-page booklet that shows how to improve tool and die performance to get higher output.
Name Title
Firm i
(Firm ¢ t | Address City _State
Welded Oil-Well Casing
Difference in cost of plain-end and threaded casing minus cost of
welding amounts to $681 in 4500-foot well. Butt-welded casing affords
tightly sealed well and is easily pulled out when well is abandoned
@ IN PRACTICALLY all localities where oil wells are drilled, there are surface water supplies and shallow water sands which must be protec- ted from pollution by fluids from deeper salt-water sands and oil- producing zones. Failure to prevent such pollution leaves the operator liable to costly damage suits. This factor requires installation of a sur-
Fig. 1—Symmetrical vee butt joint
face string of casings. This sur- face casing generally is set with the bottom just below any fresh-water supply which may possibly be used for domestic or public purposes and usually is sealed in cement from top to bottom. Naturally it must be perfectly leak-proof or else its primary purpose is defeated. Leaks are caused principally by corrosion, bad joints and wear occasioned by drilling through this string in fin- ishing a well. In some cases, this casing also shuts off caving forma- tions which otherwise would fall in- to the well and hamper progress. Intermediate strings may be used to exclude a high-pressure or high-
From paper receiving $2543.88 award in contest sponsored by The James F. Lincoln Are Welding Foundation, Box 5728, Cleveland.
46
By G. M. STEARNS
District Production Engineer Cities Service Oil Co Russell, Kans.
volume water sand which fills the hole, hindering drilling progress, or to shut off high-pressure gas where oil is sought and the gas is unsuit- able for commercial usage. Also, additional casing may be used to protect an inner string of casing to be run later.
In addition, all wells are equipped with what is known as an oil string of casing. Modern operating practice is to encase at least the lower part of this string in cement generally up to the next larger and shorter string of pipe. It is important that this casing be leak-proof under any
rz Chiff ring
~~
~
Fig. 2—Double bell joint with chill ring
pressures encountered, have high tensile strength so the joints will not part, and have high resistance to collapse since enormous pressures act against the pipe at the greater depth.
Until recently, general practice has been to use threaded and coupled
casing. Lately, however, a new technique has been developed for installation of casing. It involves are welding the joints on the der- rick floor as the casing is being run into the well.
This is advantageous because a substantial saving can be obtained in total cost of pipe strings. Also increased joint strength results which makes possible safe _ run-
Fig. 3—Bell-and-spigot joint
ning of longer strings of pipe with less possibility of loss of pipe in the hole due to failure of the string under stress. Also there is less possibility of leaks under high-pressure conditions and pipe can be recovered more easily from abandoned wells since there are no couplings or similar projections on the outer circumference of the pipe to hinder pulling the string. These advantages are vital so it is expected are-welded casing will shortly be- come generally accepted. Even where the casing is only temporary, the development of portable cutting and beveling machines may result in practically universal use of welded casing.
Preliminary studies showed that
STEEL
carbon content of the steel in the casing is the controlling factor in its weldability. So casing with an average carbon content of 0.25 and not over 0.35 per cent is employed.
Largest size electrode which can be used without molten metal run- ning down the side of the pipe is employed. In welding a butt joint
IIIA,
~
NAN
UMLMULLL LL LILI
Wh VL,
MSY AM NY
MINNA
S\\
Fig. 4—Slip joint. Lower side of coup- ling is welded by pipe manufacturer
in casing of usual wall thickness, a 3/16-inch electrode is largest that can be used successfully. With bell- and-spigot and slip-joint pipe, size of electrode is limited only by thick- ness of the top of the bell or col- lar which forms a flat surface against which the welder deposits the metal. Strength of electrode is not allowed to exceed strength of pipe by an appreciable amount as this would produce a less ductile weld.
Pull-out joint tests show efficien- cies from 84.6 to 100 per cent for straight butt joints and from 93.4 to 100 per cent for double-bell butt joints with chill ring as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. Greater efficiency of the double-bell butt joint is due probably to more com- plete penetration obtained with the chill ring as backing. Tests on bell- and-spigot joints, Fig. 3, show effi- ciencies from 90 to 100 per cent. However, since the straight butt joint shows practically as much strength as the two other types and costs less in buying the pipe, it was selected by Cities Service Oil Co. for its welded string. The slip joint, Fig. 4, was disregarded be- cause it gave little additional strength and little saving compared with the threaded and _ coupled joint.
Joints on the first few strings were beveled with a 30-degree bevel on each end, leaving a 60-degree sym- metrical opening in which to deposit the weld metal. See Fig. 1. Later, a string of casing was tried with a 50-degree bevel on one end and a 45-degree bevel on the other end of each joint, Fig. 5, in hopes this would result in a more easily welded
January 29, 1940
joint because this more nearly ap- proached the position of a fillet weld. Use of this bevel did not prove of any special advantage. Operators did not like it as well as the sym- metrical V-butt joint, Fig. 1, be- cause it was more difficult to ob- tain thorough penetration.
Since then, further experience and investigation have shown the U-bev- el, Fig. 6, to have greatest welding speed with complete penetration.
Running butt-welded casing re- quires special tools for picking up each joint from the rig walk and lifting it into a vertical position pre- paratory to aligning for welding. Clamps used have ridges of babbitt metal sunk into grooves to provide extra safety against slipping when pulling the joints. Clamps also were devised for lining up each joint. These clamps are about 42 inches in length and are hinged on one side with toggle screws on the
opposite side. They are hung ona line which runs over a pulley with a counterweight to balance them.
An automatic-trip casing spider is better than the ordinary casing spider for holding the part of the casing already in the well. Since there is no coupling at top of each joint, ordinary casing elevators can- not be used. Slip-type elevators are employed.
Actual data on a typical job is tabulated here on a string of cas- ing 7 inches outside diameter, 22 pound, plain end, 0.25 per cent car- bon, 0.80 per cent manganese. Joints have a 15-degree bevel on top and 45-degree bevel on bottom. Some 69 joints were run into the well. Circumferential welds including shoe and nipple totaled 71. Total footage of casing string was 2933 feet. Three beads were deposited at each joint. Total elapsed time per joint was 8 minutes 10 seconds. <Ac- tual welding time as found by stop- watch was 29 seconds to tackweld, 46 seconds for first bead, 71 sec- onds for second bead, 72 seconds for third bead—a total of three minutes,
38 seconds, actual welding time per joint. Average weld metal deposited was 0.73 pounds per joint. Gener- ators delivered power 4 hours 18 minutes. Average current was 175 amperes at 30 volts. Total power input was 45.15 kilowatt hours. Two direct-current welding generators driven by V-8 engines were used. Procedure was as follows. Align ing clamps were placed on each
joint. Joint was tack welded at four points. Aligning clamps were re- moved. First bead was. welded.
Slag was chipped off manually with ball hammers and cleaned with wire brushes. Second bead was welded. Slag was chipped off as. before. Third bead was welded.
Weld was allowed to cool about 1 minute 45 seconds before placing the weld in tension by lifting the pipe to remove the slips from cas- ing spider to permit lowering pipe into the well. An additional 15 sec- onds elapsed before each weld came in contact with the drilling fluid, making a total of about 2 minutes cooling time for each weld before quenching in the drilling fluid. Tests showed this to be ample cooling time to prevent embrittlement and subsequent weakening of the weld and adjacent steel in the pipe, which might occur if cooled too fast.
It is doubtful if use of ball ham- mers and wire brushes is most ef- fective method of slag removal. An electric or air hammer possibly would be better in removing slag along edges of weld.
Casing job described above is quite
NAN
Z Da gZ Z Z A gg A] A Z A Z A A “4 g Z A) Z
Fig. 6—U-bevel butt joint
employed in
typical of procedure considering
western Kansas. In savings effected by welding, two cases will be considered: First is where an oil company has its own welding equipment and operators and does a large amount of welding in a particular locality. Second is where the oil company hires the welding to be done by an outside concern for each individual job as it arises. Cities Service Oil Co. falls (Please turn to Page 65)
47
Direct Rolling of Strip
Newly developed continuous belt provides low-cost surface for
pouring, prevents segregation, gives metal of sufficiently accurate
gage for
@ PRODUCTION of strip metal of high-melting-point materia] directly from the molten metal has made important advances. Recently, in addition to brass, strip of monel and stainless steel] has been rolled to a gage of 0.15-inch and at a rate of more than 400 feet per minute by this method.
Attempts at direct rolling were made as far back as 1845. Between that year and 1860, Sir Henry Bes- semer did sufficient experimental work to be convinced that direct rolling of steel was possible. In the early nineties, Messrs. Norton and Hodgson carried on extensive researches confirming his conclu- sion.
In 1921, a machine was developed by C. W. Hazelett which would pro- duce continuous strips of antimo- nial lead for the production of stor- age battery grids. One of these machines is still in commercial use.
From paper presented at Philadelphia American Society of Me- Engineers, December, 1939.
rerolling. Surfacing
By C. W. HAZELETT
Hazelett Metals Inc. 51 East Forty-second street New York
It consisted of a single cooled drum with a spaced stationary copper shoe, through which the metal was poured. Later a double’ horizontal roll casting machine was developed. This produced satisfactory strip from lead, tin and their alloys. It was of high quality as to structure, gage and surface.
A few years ago some develop- ment work was done in the pro- duction of brass strip.. With co- operation of Scovill Mfg. Co. of Waterbury, Conn., substantial ton- nages of 12-inch wide strip, having good physical characteristics and in strips weighing up to 3000 pounds, was produced. The costs were low and the metal was sound. How- ever, red stains in the surface, due to segregation, made the product
rolls
operate at low pressures
unsalable where high finish or chro- mium plating was required. At this stage, it would thus require the use of two processes in a plant, vitiating a large part of the advan- tages due to lower costs.
A little later, Crown Cork & Seal Co., 4401 Eastern avenue, Balti- more, undertook to commercialize the production of aluminum strip. Large quantities of strip, 24 inches wide, sound and accurate in gage, was produced but still substantial segregation was encountered since the metal was, of course, alloyed with copper.
Obviously, the rolling of alloys has its disadvantages because of the segregation inherent in the op- eration of these particular ma- chines. Segregation comes about because of irregularities in cooling, due to folding of the frozen films in contact with the rolls. This, in turn, is because the frozen film does not travel at the same speed as a point on the roll. At the pass where high pressures are being ap- plied to the partially chilled alloy, the lower melting point constituents of the alloy then are forced into the places of least cooling and least pressure. It is to be noted that all of these mills performed substan- tial work on the product.
Controlled Atmosphere Applied
The most refined work on one of these mills has been done recently by American Metal Co., Newark, N. J., in conjunction with Scovill Mfg. Co. Efforts were confined to a pure metal—copper—which of course is not subject to segregation. A earefully developed system of controlled atmosphere was applied in the furnace, the runners and in
Equipment used for rolling strip direct from molten metal
STEEL
DEPENDABLE GOGGLE VALVES
For Gas Washers, Precipitators, Boiler Plants, Blast Fur- nace Gas Mains.
\A *
ay ,
i A
8 } ¢
eae A 24” x 20” Valve as As oy : 10 . 72 Valves shipped to installed in Vertical Gas } 24 India for installation = Main to Blast Furnace § og
horizontal gas mains. Stove Burners. ‘ a :
VALVE SIZES:
20’ Diameter 24’’ Diameter 30” Diameter 36” Diameter 42” Diameter 48” Diameter 54’ Diameter 60’’ Diameter 66’’ Diameter 72’’ Diameter
Write for cur Valve Builetin.
a } P With Totally Enclosed Goggle View—Showing Machined Goggle Plate ; 7 — . Plate. No gas escapes to with Chain welded thereon. Sprocket : . 4 atmosphere when plate is Wheel engaging with chain also cleans / : : 7 swung to opposite position, the chain if this becomes clogged with dust. 4 : providing safe working con
ditions for your men.
y ee q
WILLIAM M.
AILEY : sonidnal’
European Representative: Ashmore, Benson, Pease & Co., Ltd., Stockton-on-Tees, England
January 29, 1940 49
Micrograph of brass rolled directly to 0.020-inch at 500 feet per minute; cold rolled to 0.010-inch and annealed; suit- ably etched to show complete recrystal- lization. Magnification 200 diameters
shrouds about the mill itself to produce oxygen-free copper strip.
Sound metal of great length, Straight and flat, was produced with sufficiently accurate gages for re- rolling. Widths up to 24 inches were made at low cost and with commercial rol] life for all of these metals. Crown Cork & Seal Co. rolled substantial tonnages of low- carbon steel, 24 inches wide and of excellent quality. International Nickel Co., 67 Wall street, New York, also rolled a_ substantial quantity of nickel and monel metal. However, the roll life with these high-melting-point metals was hope- lessly short for commercial results compared with other processes. As a result, surface of the metal rap- idly became defective.
At this stage, the problems were: Segregation; inability to roll thin gages due to the increasing effect of folding with thinner strip; lack of high speeds as rate was between 15 to 50 feet per minute; excessive cost of rolls or cooling surface, particularly with steel, monel metal and nickel.
To solve the problem of segrega- tion, it was decided that molten metal should be poured first on one cooling member and be allowed to chill almost throughout its thick- ness and then surface-rolled to chill and compress small film of unsolidi- fied metal. To do this, it was necessary to form the bath on one surface instead of between two rolls as heretofore.
This has been achieved by pouring molten metal both on the outside and inside of a cylindrical surface, but here important difficulties had to be overcome. These surfaces first had to be degassed to get a sound metal. Then they had to be cooled at high rates for continuous
Micrograph of direct-rolled brass as re-
ceived from mill, suitably etched. under
light. Magnification 200 diameters
polarized
production. This has been achieved. The strip is_ solidified almost throughout before the surfacing roll finishes it so no folding takes place. Segregation is eliminated also.
The production of thinner strip has been worked out primarily by the use of high speeds and short contact between the molten metal and the cooling surface. For ex- ample, 0.025-inch strip is produced at 500 feet per minute with a con- tact of 2 inches or in an elapsed
50
time of 0.02-second. Obviously, greatest savings are in production of thin strip.
Thin gages at present are being produced at speeds up to 500 feet per minute with every indication that these speeds can be increased to the point where centrifugal force will throw the metal off of the cooling surface when pouring on the outside of the roll. It is be- lieved practical to operate at a speed of 1500 to 2000 feet per min- ute. However, the continuous speed of 500 feet per minute already achieved seems fast enough for any commercial requirements when compared with intermittent feeding of ingots. Little, if any, segrega-
tion occurs in the short period of time, 0.02-second.
Research is being done in produc- tion of strip, 0.25-inch thick, and in pouring metal on the inside of a ring to form a bath in the lower part, moving the ring to carry the solidified strip out of the bath be- neath a surfacing roll.
To reduce cost of the cooling sur- face, a belt of strip steel driven between two small rolls is used in- stead of expensive solid rolls. Cool- ing solid rolls on the outside re- sulted in enormous fluctuations in temperature on that side and early fire-cracking. Molten metal poured on the belt gives up the major por- tion of its heat of fusion to it. However, this belt is cheap. It can be 20 feet in diameter, if desired. It presents such an enormous amount of inexpensive cooling sur- face that high speeds and high pro- duction can be obtained cheaply.
To avoid large amounts of scrap at the beginning of a heat, it is necessary to degas this belt by pre- heating it.
To surface the product, upper internally cooled rolls are used with walls as thin as %-inch. Such rolls are shrunk on splined shafts. It is an amazing fact that a roll as small as 2% inches in diameter with ’s- inch wall will apparently run con- tinuously at these high speeds with- out heating up if a sufficient quan- tity of water at high pressure is
(Please turn to Page 66)
STEEL
By DEAN M. WARREN and A. R. FINLEY
Fixtures available in a wide variety utilize light to best
advantage. Less dependence is placed on natural light.
Mercury, filament and fluorescent installations discussed
This is the second of a series
of articles on industrial illumina-
tion. The first appeared in STEEL of Jan. 22, 1940, p. 36
Part II
@ THE SUPPLEMENTARY light- ing units discussed last week do not by any means represent all of the units recently made and _ in- stalled, but only are typical of many available.
Confronted by this growing mul- titude of light sources and fix- tures, the factory executive may well ask himself, “Now that there are all these fixtures, how can I go about applying them so as to derive the best from my _ produc- tion facilities? Why does there seem to be such a variety of both general and supplementary lighting units and reflectors? How can I choose between the mercury, fila- ment and fluorescent types of lamps, if they are all good, to get the most for my money? “Of course,
Fig. 12—Sawtooth type roof utilizes nat- ural light to the best advantage
this is where the lighting applica- tion engineer performs his services. If effective lighting could be achieved by a simple set of rules in a handbook with perhaps a few instruments, there obviously would be no need for all these fixtures and services of an expert.
By keeping in mind fundamental considerations, however, the shop man can do much to determine whether or not he is utilizing light- ing to its best advantage, or at least he can decide whether he should call in a lighting engineer to modernize his plant. Since it is not the purpose of this article to educate the shop man to supplant the illuminating expert, the follow- ing discussion, like the preceding, is intended only to familiarize the shop man with what he can get by calling the local power company. This is important because many shops have lighting systems which seem efficient yet actually are not; and in building plant additions, the plans frequently fail to make pro- vision for adequate lighting.
In designing a lighting installa- tion, whether or an old building or for one to be built, advantage is
generally taken of as much natural
lighting as_ possible. However, some of the new plants exclude natural light altogether because
of its unreliability. The trend is more and more to uniform lighting regardless of weather conditions. For instance, the new plant of Simonds Saw & Steel Co., Fitchburg Mass. (see STEEL, July 10, 1939, p. 48) is a single 5-acre room with no windows. In this plant day and night shifts work under exactly the same illumination and visibility.
If daylight is to be utilized to its fullest extent, it is well to study the style of roof with a view to obtaining maximum natural light- ing. In chis respect, the sawtooth, monitors or skylight windows of
modern factory construction, as shown in Fig. 12, appear to be most desirable. When rooms are
lighted by side windows alone, it is impossible to light satisfactorily all parts of the room unless artificial lighting is provided. How natural light decreases with distance from sidewall windows is shown graphic- ally in Fig. 13.
Here are a few general rules: If only one wall contains windows,
width of room perpendicular to wall should be less than twice the distance fro.n floor to top of win- dows. If windows are in parallel walls, width of room would not ex- ceed six times height to top of windows. The monitor gives best results when its width is about half the width of building and height of windows in monitor is half of monitor width. Height of windows in the sawtooth construction should be about one-third of the span. In general, single-story industrial build- ings should have a window area at least 30 per cent of the floor area. Another important factor is the reflection of sunlight from outside surfaces into building. Opposing structures, walls of course and roofs of sawtooth buildings should be finished in lightest practicable color and so maintained. Possibil- ity of glare from these surfaces also should be considered. Windows’ should be _ equipped with adjustable devices to accom- modate illumination to changing outdoor conditions. Shades diffusely transmitting daylight will improve the daytime illumination. Window shades of light tones are preferable, for at night they reflect artificial light back into the room. When prac- ticable, shades should be mounted to permit covering any desired part
.
7 Ft. above work yeTto AOFt above AoGtem
of windows. Louvers or venetian blinds employing reflecting and dif- fusing surfaces effectively contro] distribution of sunlight from wit- dows if properly finished and ad- justed. More uniform results are obtainable if such window devices are controlled by some specified in- dividual.
But natural lighting alone seldom is sufficic it. Even in comparative- ly sunny territories, measurements show that desirable daylight condi- tions are lacking for a large per- centage of the time. To maintain good seeing conditions, artificial lighting must be supplied on dark: and cloudy days.
Natural light is so subject to variation throughout the day that no individual can be relied upon in practice to determine by visual ob- servation when more light should be added in the room or when arti- ficial lighting can be spared. Prac- tical equipment utilizing photoelec- tric tubes or light-sensitive cells has been developed for controlling the lighting automatically. Shown in Fig. 15 is a_ photoelectric relay which follows changes in daylight and turn artificial lights on and off even when the change is so grad- ual as to escape attention.
This automatic control is recom- mended particularly where ‘critical
seeing is done under varying day- light illumination. Frequently a man engrossed in his work will not notice the gradual diminution of daylight until he realizes he has a headache or reaches the point where he simply cannot see. When this happens to an entire department, the loss in employe efficiency is serious. The photoelectric relay stands guard against such eventu- alities and is an inexpensive means of avoiding penaities of insufficient illuminaton when reliance is placed on daylight as the principal source of light.
Modern industrial lighting prac- tice requires the establishment of a base or minimum quantity of light throughout the room, termed general lighting, which may vary depending on operations. Where visual tasks are particularly severe, much higher supplementary illumi- nation over restricted areas can be added to this base.
Th’s general or base quantity of light should be uniform to illumi- nate satisfactorily any portion of the room—this being particularly desirable for interiors where the machine layout may be changed. If general lighting is designed for uniform illumination, machines may be moved without expensive changes in the lighting system.
Supplementary lighting, however, is specifically designed for particu- lar visual tasks. High illumina- tion usually accompanies supple- mentary lighting, but care should be taken that contrast between work and surroundings is not too great. In some cases, the reverse must be guarded against—that is, having excessive brightness else- where in field of vision. Though no two sets of conditions are exact-
Fig. 13. (Right)—Showing graphically how rapidly daylight decreases away from windows
Fig. 14. (Below)—Spacing of lighting
units plays a vital part in procuring
uniform lighting over an area. At left
is shown deficiency of light between
units when these are spaced too far
apart. Illustration at right shows proper spacing
=e
ote
ly alike,
the brightness ratio be-
tween highly illuminated work and the darker surroundings in general should not exceed ten to one. While measurement by a light meter in footcandles is not an actual deter-
mination of brightness,
it suffices
in most cases for this matter of
satisfactory contrast.
Hence the
common statement that, using gen-
eral and supplementary lighting the
ratio of maximum to footecandles shoula not to one.
minimum exceed ten
Recommended values of illumina- tion in accompanying Table I refer mostly to general lighting through- out total area involved as measured on a horizontal plane 30 inches above
door. In many cases where
illu-
mination of more dies is necessary, it tained by lighting
ing. An
shuld be
plus supplementary asterisk after the
than 40 footcan-
ob
a combination of general light- foot-
candle figure denotes that this com
illumination is findings up to
posite sirable.
type of The
de-
date
of the Illuminating Engineering so-
ciety’s studies of specific
industries
TABLE
(These minimum footcandle values
rep-
resent order of magnitude measured on
work rather than exact levels of illu- mination) Foot- candles Aisles, Stairways & Assembly: SS TRE Cole tae ais e oa, Oolias goat's 10 SENN is iat a Gcos See nee dose bee 20 i) RS eee .B* Bere FIMO «ceca A* Automobile Manufac turing: Assembly Line B* Frame Assembly Be Body Aageaeanarelenbiaaal SE aan ee ee eae 20 Assembly Aa Ie .20 Finishing and Inspecting A* Chemical Works: Hand Furnaces, Tanks, Gravity Rr CE hase sie bas Sle Goede 5 Mechanical Furnaces Driers, Evaporators, Filtration , 10 Extractors, Nitrators, Elec tro- ed 2 GOR Sa rr 15
Clay Products and Cements:
Grinding, Filter Presses, Kiln Rooms. .5 Molding, Pressing Trimming .10 Enameling Paton Vea cote sia .15 Color and Glazing ; 20
Coal Tipples and C leaning Plants:
Breaking, Screening and eo .10
PICMARE. . ois Bis oo Cc onstruction—Indoor:
ENON Uses) ck o's earactabre a6 Siarasste-s .10 Elevators—Freight and Passenger .10 Engraving 3 Pe sate paea tee aa Forge Shops and Welding DP ierate pte gt ee Foundries:
Charging Floor, Tumbling, Shak-
ing Out 5
Rough Molding and Core Making. 10
Fine Molding and Core Making.....20 Inspection:
retard Gk ILE Nad Ss Alsiki ies, Gets SS scee 10
Medium Wes elev eee ee . 20
2 eS ee ge rN AD WOES! hice arsei sc Ms B*
DR WN ie yy gy i kis a> w Sle mw ae A Machine Shops:
Rough Bench and Machine Work. . .10
Medium Bench and Machine
Work, Automatic Machines,
Rough Grinding, Medium Buf-
ing and Polishing ............ .20 Fine Bench and Machine Work,
Fine Automatic Machines,
Medium Grinding, Fine hase
and Polishing .B*
(**) In these areas many of
direct light toward the working points.
(*) Lighting recommendations for the more difficult as indicated by A, B, C and D in the foregoing table are given in
the following: GROUP A:—These seeing tasks
(c) for long period of time.
is necessary. GROUP B:—
tion of fine detail under conditions of (b)
{c) for long periods of time. candles are required. To provide illumination of this order
is necessary.
involve extremely fine detail under conditions of (b) extremely
the machines supplementary lighting units mounted on them in order
(a)
To meet these requirements, levels above 100 foot-candles are recommended.
To provide illumination of this order a combination of at least 20 foot-candles of general lighting plus specialized supplementary lighting
—This group of visual tasks involves (a) the discrimina- The a fair degree of contrast be Illumination levels from 50 to 100 foot- (2)
combination foot-candles of general lighting plus specialized supplementary
require one or
and Machine Fine Work
Extra Fine Bench Work, Grinding Offices: Bookkeeping, counting Conference Corridors and Desk Work Intermittent Writing 7 . Prolonged Close Work, Com- puting, Studying, Designing, etc feading Blueprints and Plans Drafting Prolonged Close Work—Art Drafting and Designing in De- tail tough Drawing Filing and Index Lobby ; Mail Sorting Reception Rooms Stenographic Work Prolonged Reading Notes Vault Paint Shops: Dipping, Simple Spraying, Rubbing, Ordinary Hand ing and Finishing; Art, and Special Spraying Fine Hand Painting and Finishing Extra Fine Hand Painting and Finishing (Automobile Bodies, Piano Cases, Etc.) Paper Manufacturing: Beaters, Grinding, Calendering Finishing, Cutting, Trimming, Paper Making Machines Plating ; Polishing and Burnishing Power Plants, Engine Room, Boilers: Boilers, Coal and Ash Handling, Storage Battery Rooms = Auxiliary Equipment, Oil Switches and Transformers Engines, Generators, Blowers, Compressors Switchboards Receiving and Shipping Sheet Metal Works: Miscellaneous Machines, ary Bench Works Punches, Presses, Shears, Stamps, Welders, Spinning, Medium Bench Work Tin Plate Inspection Steel and Iron Manufacturing: Billet, Skelp and Slabbing Mills
Typing and Ac-
Room Stairways
Reading and
and Sketching
References
Shorthand
Firing
Paint- Stencil
Ordin-
GROUP C: crimination of
more to effectively
illumination
GROUP D: tion of area or (b)
large that the
comfortable of 10 to 20 of large area lighting
at a given
specialized and
fine detail the transmitted essential enough brightness contrast and brightness is the principle point
i—Recommended Minimum Standards of Illumination EF
20
20 D* B*D*
2]
The
supplementary The seeing utilizing (a)
requirements are (1) cover the
to
‘or Industrial
seeing
moderately fine
by
conditions relatively low
Interiors
Boiler Room, House, Foundry Rooms Hot Sheet Cold Strip, Universal Drawing Merchant and Mills Tin Plate Mills Hot Strip Rolling and Machine Dept. Cold Strip Rolling Inspection Black Plate Bloom and Tin Plate Surfaces Machine Shops and Department Rough Bench and Machine Work Medium Bench and Machine Work Fine Work etc. Extra Blacksmith Laboratories Physical) Carpenter and Storage
and Hot Strip Mills Pipe, Rail, Rod, Tube, Plate and Wire
Sheared Plate
Tinning
Billet and
Chipping Other Bright
Maintenance
Buffing, Polishing, Fine Work Shop (Chemical and Pattern Shop
Stone Crushing and Screening: Belt Conveyor Tubes, Main Line Shafting Spaces, Chute Rooms, Inside of Bins Primary Breaker iary Breakers Screens
Room, Auxil- under Bins
Storage Battery Manufacturing: Molding of Grids Store and Stock Rooms: Rough Bulky Material Medium or Fine Material Requir- ing Care Structural Steel Fabrication Testing: Rough Fine Extra etc. Warehouse Woodworking: Rough Sawing and Bench Work Sizing, Planing, Rough Sanding, Medium Machine and Bench Work, Gluing, Veneering, Cooperage Fine Bench and Fine Sanding and
Fine Instruments, Scales,
Machine Work, Finishing
this group involve (a) the
under conditions of (b)
tasks in detail
lighting
tasks of this group the reflected image of a from a luminous area
that the
light luminous area surface which is being inspected be within the limits necessary to This involves the use of
brightness in which the
factor rather
B*D
10
dis
better
than average contrast (c) for intermittent periods of time seeing tasks, The level of illumination required is of the order of 30 to 50 foot- candles and in some instances it may be provided from a general , mee , . lighting system. Oftentimes, however, it will be found more the discrimination of economical and yet equally satisfactory to provide from 10 to 20 poor contrast, foot-candles from general system and the remainder from
require the discrimina- luminous
shall
and
obtain sources source than the foot-candles produced
January 29, 1940
TABLE
1i—Supplementary Lighting Recommendations
Concentrated Beam Sources—Drill Presses— Spotlights provide high illumination over re- stricted areas where critical seeing requires from 50 to 250 footcandles. When properly louvered and positioned such units give glare-free lighting. Particular care must be exercised in their loca- tion so that confusing shadows are not introduced.
Vapor-Proof and Explosion-Proof Equipment— Paint Shops—These units are designed for loca- tions where corrosive vapor, inflammable gases or explosive dusts are encountered. In moisture- laden atmospheres, such as steam processing, engine rooms, also where gases and vapors are present from such processes as Oil refining, paint and varnish making, units of this kind are recom- mended. Mandatory requirements are covered in the National Electrical Code. Sketch shows both angle and symmetrical types of reflectors from 75 to 500-watt sizes.
Fluorescent Lamp Trough Units—lInspection, Machine Shops—Sources of large luminous area and relatively uniform brightness may be obtained by employing fluorescent lamps in suitably de- signed specular trough reflectors. Units of this type produce high illumination of good quality. Because the radiant heat from fluorescent lamps is only one quarter that of incandescent lamps for equal foot-candles, a source of this type can furnish several hundred foot-candles without the discomfort from heat formerly associated with high foot-candles.
Bench, Assembly and Inspection—Where a high degree of diffusion is not required the Glassteel diffuser, the RLM dome reflectors equipped with white bowl lamps, or the deep bowl porcelain enameled reflectors will produce the desired re- sult. Each job requires analysis to meet specific requirements. In some instances dual facilities must be provided, (1) diffuse lighting for certain defects, (2) directional lighting producing ‘glint’ which may be essential to reveal others.
Large Area Sources of Uniform Brightness— Assembly, Inspection—Developed initially for lighting the type on imposing stones, units of this type are particularly applicable for those opera- tions involving detail upon polished surfaces, such as scribing. If the source is uniformly bright, the detail on the specular surface will not be obscured in a confusing background, such as frequently results when small sources or a source of varying brightness is employed.
Directional Light—-Assembly, Inspection—Sur- face flaws, irregularities in surface shape, pit marks, scratches and cracks in materials are most easily seen by lighting which strikes surface obliquely, casting a shadow and revealing irregu- larities by shadow contrast. Thus wrinkles in roofing materials, such as illustrated, are revealed by small shadows, emphasized by sharp direc- tional light. Light may be undiffused for matte surfaces, but diffused at source for polished or shiny materials.
Machine Tool Lighting—Inspection, Machine Shops—Seeing tasks in majority of machine tool operations are similar, consisting of reading in- dicating scales, dials and micrometers, as well as observing the progress of the work. Because these measuring instruments generally have a semipolished background, it is desirable to em- ploy a large area source to minimize reflected glare and obtain high visibility. A concentrating source is frequently desirable to project light into deep boring operations.
have been incorporated in this table. Operating values are mini- mum. They apply to the lighting system in actual use, not simply when lamps and reflectors are new and clean. Higher values often may be used with greater benefit. Table I has been included so that anyone with a light meter may be able to check for himself whether he is obtaining all he is entitled to receive from his lighting system.
Perhaps most common of the various general lighting systems now in use is that usiny ordinary RLM Dome reflectors. This type unit provides a fair degree of qual- ity, particularly where a_ white bow] lamp is employed. Since many of these already have been _ in- stalled. it is advisable to point out how illumination from these units is affected by their spacing. Fig. 14 gives results of tests with a simple light meter showing irregu- larity of illumination when units are spaced too far apart. It also indicates spacing that will make lighting more uniform. In general, these direct lighting units should be spaced no further apart than their height above the floor.
Variety of Units Aids Lighting
The question might be asked: “If these units give good results, why bother with units of other types?” The main reason is in the refinements of the lighting. For example, the lighting produced by the RLM Dome reflector is not of the proper quality for lighting ob- jects having shiny surfaces such as scales, micrometer calipers, etc. The resulting reflected glare makes it extremely difficult to read the markings on the barrel. This will be discussed in detail in a later article.
The RLM Dome reflector should always be equipped with a white- bowl lamp when used at the usual mounting heights. However, it is practicable to use _ inside-frosted lamps in locations where the units are mounted above 20 feet.
If a better quality of illumina- tion than that given by RLM Dome reflectors is desired, Glassteel Dif- fusers and Silvered Bowl Diffusers may be employed. They are com- fortable to look at, particularly at angles where direct glare is ordi- narily most noticeable.
Since the Glassteel Diffuser has openings on the top, some light reaches the ceiling, thus giving the room a more cheerful, pleasant ap- pearance than with the ceiling dark. It has a white enclosing globe and gives a soft light. This type of unit is also available for use with mercury lamps alone or combined with incandescent filament lamps.
The Silvered Bowl Diffuser uses silvered-bowl lamps. Light pro- duced by this unit is somewhat more diffuse and shadows are soft- er than those produced by RLM
STEEL
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January 29, 1940 55
Dome retiector. The character of the work is the determining factor as to which type of equipment should be employed.
As previously mentioned, height alone does not govern use of high- bay reflectors, but most of these equipments are mounted 20 feet or more high. Spacing, of course, va- ries with the mounting height.
When buying these units, it is well to consider difficulty of clean- ing, which is no small problem at high mountings. If installation is to be over dusty, dirty operations, units will become dirty and yield less light in a shorter time than will units in other locations.
Mercury Lamps
Mercury lamps are more efficient than filament lamps. When used by themselves, mercury lamps may have an annoying _ stroboscopic effect. Also, the quality of the lighting is quite different than that
produced by filament lamps. When supplemented with incandescent lamps, however, the light mixes
quite well with daylight and also appears to be cool. Mercury lamp installations are recommended with an equal wattage of incandescent lamps in the same or alternate units. As a rule, under a mount- ing height of 16 feet, the combina- tion light should be in the same fixture—that is, a mercury and a filament lamp should be placed in the same globe. Above a mount- ing height of 16 feet, the lamps Should be spaced’ eight-tenths of their mounting height apart and should be staggered and alternated that is, one mercury, one incan- descent, ete. This provides good light mixture from the two _ sys- tems resulting in illumination ap- proximating that of daylight in color value. Two lamps mounted in the same luminaire are at least 10 per cent less efficient than that type of unit designed for a single lamp. Minimum mounting height for the alternate arrangement is 13 feet. Although fluorescent lighting has gained rapidly, it must be remem- bered that so far it has proven its worth mainly in supplementary lighting. The addition of the 40- watt and 85-watt sizes however, has
greatly increased its possibilities for general lighting. Desirable levels of illumination
are so far ahead of practical means of attaining them that any illumi- nant promising more efficient light production is extremely significant. So wide are the unfilled gaps in lighting needs that illuminants hav- ing many times the efficiency of fluorescent lamps can be used be- fore the saturation point is reached so far as visual benefits are con- cerned.
The introduction of fluorescent sources in low wattage units has undoubtedly resulted in some con-
fusion as to proper practice. Gen- eral lighting practice today _in- volves lamps which deliver 5000, 10,000, 20,060 and, in the case of the 1500-watt lamps, 33,000 lumens from a single lamp. Some lighting technicians may feel loathe to re- vert to low-powered sources and may be at some loss to comprehend methods by which large groups of 15, 20, 30, 40 or 85-watt lamps eco- nomically might replace the 500 or
1000-watt lamps now commonly used for general lighting. A sound practice, however, is
Fig. 15—This photoelectric control stands
guard against failing daylight and
turns on lights even when decrease in
natural light has been too gradual to be noticeable
evolving and fields of logical appli- cation are being extended as new equipmeni is developed to fulfil] the requirements. Before the _ intro- duction of the 40-watt 48-inch and the 85-watt 58-inch fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lighting was em- ployed primarily for supplement- ary installations.
Now there is the 85-watt lamp which produces 4250 lumens of cool, blue, white light and more re- cently the new RLM _ porcelain enameled unit using two of the 40- watt Mazda _ fluorescent lamps. Good results are obtained when these are installed end to end in continuous rows.
Economics in lighting always has involved quality and general satis- factoriness as well as costs, and the economics problem never has been revealed by arithmetic alone. Flu- orescent lamps offer coolness, day- light quality, a previously un- experienced availability of color and a new freedom in creative design. It is apparent some of those fac- tors have nothing exactly in com- mon with filament lamps against which to base costs. For a specific case, investment and operating costs easily may be compared and any differential saving must be balanced
against such factors as color qual- ity, coolness, low brightness, etc., which cannot be set into a numeri- cal formula.
Sizes and shapes that may be in- stalled conveniently in wiring chan- nels have been sought in design of auxiliaries. Since a choke coil is included, a characteristic alternat- ing-current coil hum is inherent in fluorescent auxiliaries, although it varies considerably from time to time. The hum originates from the magnetic action in the choke coil elements and is aggravated when these vibrations are transferred to the supporting frame or metallic wiring channel. By mounting on soft rubber, the hum is reduced to a minimum.
In industrial interiors with a specified machine arrangement, the general lighting system can best be arranged with respect to machine layout and structural features. In factories having bulky and special- ized machinery and in rolling mills where large machine frames may get in the way of the light, it is likely any plan of general lighting will be ineffective because of the obstacles. Therefore, even though general lighting is brought to its maximum efficiency, there always will be areas where operations will call for a higher degree of visi- bility. It would, of course, be un- economical and beside the point to raise the general lighting level to favor just these few critical areas. It is more desirable to put more light on the critical areas and leave the general level of illumination where it is satsfactory for less crti- cal areas. This tailor-made light- ing supplements the general light- ing, but should not supplant it.
As was brought out in the pre- ceding discussion on supplementary lighting units, considerable skill is required in the proper placing of these units for maximum benefits. Table I shows some tasks where supplementary lighting is greatly to be desired. While each individ- ual installaton is different, certain recommendations cover a group of such installations. Table II gives the lighting recommendations for some of the more common supple- mentary lighting problems.
Yard Lighting —- To facilitate night work and provide protection, the area about factory buildings— especially loading and unloading platforms—frequently must be ade- quately lighted. Floodlighting pro- jectors of the right type, properly placed, in many cases serve the purpose. Projectors should be mounted 30 to 40 feet high to re- duce length of shadows and mini- mize glare. A low-level of illumi- nation should be directed over entire yard for safety and a high- er level at critical places. Lots near buildings may be lighted eco-
(Please turn to Page 66)
STEEL
Layout produces finishes in nickel, bright nickel, black nickel.
Plating Flexibility
copper, chromium, rhodium, gold, clear or black anodized aluminum
without back-tracking, with short work movement and in small area
M WHEN Spencer Lens Co., 17 Doat street, Buffalo, opened its new mechanical parts plant at Cheekto- waga, N. Y., it added approximately 102,000 square feet of floor space to its manufacturing facilities. New structure is first of a number of projected units to be built on a 25- acre tract at this location. Space is provided for automatic and hand screw machines; for milling, drill- ing and fine turnings and other ma- chining operations; for plastic mold- ing and sheet metal fabrication (de- scribed in STEEL, Nov. 27, 1939, p. 49). This plant also features a most complete polishing, plating and enameling department. In addi- tion, ample space is provided for tool and die making, shop mainte- nance, material storage, cafeteria, first aid, engineering and produc- tion offices.
Wide Variety of Work Handled
Finishing department handles an exceptionally wide variety of met- als and finishes as it handles parts for all sorts of still projection equipment, microscopes, microscope accessories and other scientific in- struments. While about 75 per cent of the parts are made of brass, a large number are of aluminum, steel and other materials.
Not only are production parts fin- ished for appearance and _ resist- ance to corrosion, but also a num- ber of working parts are chromium plated to give a hard surface which prevents wear and subsequent ex- cessive clearances between parts. In addition, many steel tools are chromium plated to increase their wear resistance.
Due to the extreme variety of
Fig. 1. (Upper)—Polishing room with 8-foot exhaust fan and dust separa- tors in rear Fig. 2. (Lower)—Finishing line for pro- ducing hard black surface on aluminum parts for optical equipment
January 29, 1940
parts handled, finishing is not done opment, an extremely hard coating on a continuous basis but in lots that penetrates the surface to give varying from a few items up to a black finish that is extremely several hundred _ units. All told, wear resistant. there are more than 17,000 differ- In addition to the electroplated ent items which are electroplated finishes, a number of dip and spray in this plant. finishes are applied to a variety of Also, a wide variety of finishes is parts including sheet-metal cases applied. Electroplated finishes in- and similar items. Also a_ special clude copper, gold, black nickel, department is maintained for fin- rhodium, bright nickel, chromium. ishing scales where the recessed Some parts are given a Satin black markings are filled in, baked and finish in a sulphate-dip bath. Alu- the finish lacquer coat applied. minum parts are given a clear or Entire finishing department ex- black anodized surface. The black tends along south side of the new finish on aluminum is a new devel- parts plant which measures 210 x
ORVER
PATH A
ALKAL! ELECTRO CLEANER +
WARM. ' WATER 4 HOT - WATER
wi u. rr = = m be te BLACK alias = y acu) Fo NICKEL aol — | " ome Ld —T... vPA TH WALL OF PLANT Fig. 3—Layout of general plating sec- , : by a combination mercury-Mazda course, suction system has maxi-
tion showing the various paths work
may follow in receiving the many dif-
ferent finishes and combinations of fin- ishes which can be produced here
410 feet. Polishing room, Fig. 1, is in the extreme southeast corner with plating room immediately ad- joining. Next to this is the enam- eling room. Parts thus pass from the polishing direct to plating or on to the enameling rooms for finish- ing.
In all of the finishing depart- ments as well as throughout the entire plant, exceptionally good lighting facilities are provided. Corrugated glass skylights supply an abundance of daytime illumina- tion with 45 to 48 footcandles be- ing furnished for night operations
lighting system. Each of the mer- cury-Mazda units contains 400 watts of mercury lamps and 450 watts of Mazda lamps to provide balanced lighting. Spaced on 20-foot centers throughout the working area, these fixtures afford ample illumination for the most critical work and help assure quality in the finishing de- partment.
Fig. 1 shows the exceptionally well laid out polishing room with two dust separators in the back of the room connected to a suction sys- tem which includes an 8-foot fan. This efficient ventilating system assures spotlessly clean working conditions in a department in which much dust usually accumulates. Ducts lead from each of the grind- ing and buffing spindles, Fig. 1. Each polishing spindle is a double unit with a grinding or buffing wheel on each end of the shaft.
At the present time, the exhaust system and two rows of polishing spindles extend along the south side of the room next to the win- dows at right in Fig.1. Provision has been made for future plant expan- sion when additional machines will be placed just north of those present. Then ventilating ducts can be ex- tended to the new machines like the one duct at left center in Fig. 1, which is extended to a belt sander, the only machine at present in the third row. Thus future additions can be made without disturbing any of the present equipment. Of
Fig. 4—One of four double spray booths in enameling department. Water wash backwall removes deposited over- spray and exhaust system takes away that which would contaminate the air
mum capacity ample for needs of all equipment that can be placed in the area available.
Equipment in polishing room in- cludes eight buffing and six hand polishers in addition to three belt sanders and one disc sander. A small booth is provided in the pol- ishing room where four electrically heated glue pots are used in resur- facing the polishing wheels. This operation consists of turning the polishing wheel with its face im- mersed in a bath of glue, after which the abrasive is applied by rolling the wheel in a box of emery of the desired grade.
Seven grades of emery in a near- by steel container are heated elec- trically to keep moisture out. Like- wise, sand used on abrasive wheels is protected against moisture by storing it in similar steel contain- ers, also electrically heated. After the wheels have received their ap- plication of abrasive, they are dried in electric oven at 100 degrees Fahr. and stored in a nearby area until wanted.
From the polishing room, all parts to be electroplated, except those made of aluminum, first receive a copper flash followed by at least one-quarter of a thousandth-inch thick coat of nickel as a base for subsequent finishes. Then _ gold, rhodium or chromium is deposited on top of the nickel. All brass as well as steel parts are given this preliminary treatment.
One of the first installations to produce Alumilite finish is found in this new plant. The lineup of tanks and plating equipment is seen in Fig. 2. Alumilite is a new development, an extremely hard black finish on aluminum surfaces produced by a
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January 29, 1940
59
combination of electrical and chem- ical treatment. Most black finishes on aluminum quickly become un- Sightly after a small amount of wear has worn through the color- ing to show the light base metal. The Alumilite process first hard- ens the surface by combined chem- ical and electric treatment and then colors this hardened surface a deep black, giving a finish so deep and hard that it does not wear off.
The first bath in this process is a cleaner, heated to 160 degrees Fahr., followed by a rinse. Next step is to harden the surface elec- trolytically in an acid solution which is held to plus or minus 2 degrees of 72 degrees Fahr. As the temperature here is quite critical, the bath is watched carefully and the automatic controls frequently checked.
This is followed by two rinses. The next bath is heated to 120 de- grees Fahr. and is a_ penetration dip. After being rinsed, items go into a coloring bath followed by cold rinsing and hot rinsing baths.
As seen in Fig. 2, all this equip- ment is arranged in a line down the north side of the plating room. Most of the work handled consists of small parts, usually hooked on racks, Fig. 2, before entering the lineup. With bath arranged in Straight line, there is no possibility of parts not receiving correct se- quence of operations. Also, this greatly facilitates operations as all units are completely accessible.
Exhaust ducts seen in Fig. 2 ef- fectively remove vapors from baths which otherwise would contaminate atmosphere of the room. Similarly, other ducts connected with exhaust system remove all vapors and gases
Fig. 5—View of general plating sec-
tion. Note exceptionally clean appear-
ance and well arranged layout de- tailed further in Fig. 3
from other plating equipment here. This assures excellent working con- ditions and is an aid to maintaining the extremely high quality neces- sary on these parts.
Fig. 3 shows layout of all plating equipment except the Alumilite line in Fig. 2. Also much floor space is provided for storage of parts be- fore and after plating. In addi- tion, a number of tables are avail- able for racking and _ unracking parts. View of general plating equipment diagrammed in Fig. 3 is shown in Fig. 5. A unique ar- rangement of tanks permits maxi- mum efficiency in handling an ex- tremely wide range of production finishes. This involves a Y-system which allows almost any sequence desired yet which necessitates only a short movement and in-line opera- tions for most of the work.
Referring to Fig. 3, at extreme right will be seen degreaser, emul- sifying bath, hot and cold water rinses. Just to left and in the cen- ter is the main cleaning line, desig- nated by path A, which starts with an alkali electrocleaner unit.
From the end of this line, flow of parts advances to various sec- tions according to final finish de- sired. Path B takes material to baths for application of bright nickel plate. Path C is followed by parts to be given a copper plate, heavy nickel or a black nickel fin- ish. All of these tanks, in which incidentally the largest volume of parts is handled, are seen at lower center, Fig. 3. Some have _indi- vidual rinse tanks immediately ad- joining them.
Parts to be chromium plated fol- low path D and path E. Path D also branches out so those parts to be rhodium or gold plated take path F.
From Fig. 3, it is evident that layout of plating equipment and rinse tanks have been made with
extreme care to assure maximum efficiency in all types of electro- plating finishes. In any case, the work traverses the minimum dis- tance, is not subject to useless backtracking, nor does work in any one line interfere with other opera- tions.
Also included in the plating room is a stripping booth seen at the lower right in Fig. 3. Here equip- ment is provided for removal of electroplated and enameled finishes from parts.
Floor of electroplating room is made of acid-resisting concrete with wood platforms over all working aisles. Sloping trenches shown by dotted lines in Fig. 3 lead to an acid-proof drain going to the sewer. This provides convenient means for draining all tanks.
Automatic Boilers Used
Hot water for making up electro- plating solutions and for keeping them at working temperature comes from a 1000-gallon storage tank in the boiler room. This in turn is heated by two 176-horsepower boilers, employing a_ heat. ex- changer. Boilers are completely automatic, even starting and stop- ping without an attendant. They generate steam at 10 pounds pres- sure, using oil as fuel.
Enameling deparment is in an adjoining room. Equipment here includes a row of four double spray booths down the center of the room, providing stations for eight operators. Fig. 4 shows operator working in one of these double booths. Booths have water wash curtains to take away overspray. At east end of room is a large dip tank containing enamel for sheet-metal parts. Also, provision is made for holding the pieces before baking while excess material drips off.
Along south side of room are two large gas-fired ovens of the truck type which operate around 350 degrees Fahr. Along the north side of the room are two more ovens of the same type as _ these and also four electric ovens for fast drying. ‘These operate between 200 and 350 degrees Fahr. One of these latter units is quite large, the other three being smaller and so adapted to handling knobs and similar small parts.
All ovens as well as the dip tank are connected to an exhaust sys- tem which assures maximum dry- ing efficiency and prevents any accumulation of solvent vapors. An exhaust system also is provided for the spray booths, as shown in Fig. 4.
An outstanding feature of entire finishing department is the pro- vision made to keep it clean. See Fig. 5. The excellent working con- ditions resulting are reflected in the high quality work produced.
STEEL
Metals Sessions Feature Annual
Meeting of A.I.M.E. in New York
@ A PROGRAM of particular in- terest to the metals industry is be- ing arranged by the American In- stitute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers for its 152nd meeting at the Engineering Societies building, New York, Feb. 12-15. Subjects covering a wide range will be dis- cussed at sessions sponsored by the Iron and Steel and Institute of Met- als divisions.
From the all-institute point of view, several features of the annual meeting command interest. These include a general session on the afternoon of Feb. 12 on mineral economics; the business meeting on the afternoon of Feb. 13; the an- nua] banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel on the evening of Feb. 14 at which time important medals and honorary awards will be made; and several special luncheons, dinners and social events.
Highlights of the Iron and Steel division meetings are sessions on chemistry of steelmaking, control of surface qualities of steel, carbon and low-alloy steels, diffusion and decomposition in austenite and aus- tenitic stainless steels; a series of committee luncheons; and the Howe memorial lecture.
The Institute of Metals division will conduct sessions on recrystal- lization, copper and silver alloy sys- tems, alloys of cobalt and general physical metallurgy. Other events will be the annual lecture, several committee luncheons and the an- nual dinner at the Biltmore hotel on the evening of Feb. 15.
Program details are as follows:
IRON AND STEEL DIVISION Chemistry of Steelmaking
“Slag-Metal Relationships in the Basic
Open-Hearth Furnace,” by Karl L. Fetters and John Chipman, Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, Cam- bridge, Mass.
“Refractive Indices of Basic Open- Hearth Slags,’” by Michael Tenenbaum and T. L. Joseph, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis.
“Formation of Inclusions in Steel Cast- ings,’ by Walter Crafts, John J. Egan and W. D. Forgeng, Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratories Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y.
“Equilibria in Liquid Iron with Carbon and Silicon,” by Lawrence S. Darken, United States Steel Corp., Kearny, N. J.
“Solubility of Nitrogen in Liquid Fe-Cr and Fe-V Alloys,” by R. M. Brick, Yale university, New Haven, Conn., and J. A. Creevy, Stanley Works, New Britain, Conn.
“Heat Capacity of Iron Carbide from 68-298 Degrees K. and the Thermo- dynamic Properties of Iron Carbide,” by Harry Seltz and Cyril Wells, Car- negie Institute of Technology, Pitts- burgh, and Hugh J. McDonald, Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago.
“Thermochemistry of the Pig Iron Blast Furnace,” by Julian M. Avery, Arthur D. Little Inc., New York.
January 29, 1940
Control of Surface Qualities of Steel
“A Survey of Factors Affecting Surface Quality of Semifinished Steel,” by H. B. Emerick, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh.
“Pouring Practice Variables and Their Individual Effect on Ingot Surface,” by W. A. Saylor, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh.
“Influence of the Chemical Composition of Steel on Freezing, Heating, Scaling and Rolling Characteristics,” by Gil- bert Soler, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, O.
“Effect of Mold Surface on Bloom or Slab Surface,” by T. J. Woods, Repub- lic Steel Corp., Cleveland.
Recrystallization
Joint Session with Institute of Metals
“Some Observations on the Recrystalliza- tion of an Iron-Nickel Alloy,” by George Sachs and Joseph Spretnak, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland.
“Crystal Orientation in Silicon Iron,” by J. T. Burwell, United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh.
“X-Ray and Microscopic Study of Im- perfection Recrystallization Textures,” by Norman P. Goss, Cold Metal Proc- ess Co., Youngstown, O.
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
“Precipitation Hardening of a Complex Copper Steel,” by J. W. Halley, Inland Steel Co., Chicago.
“Tensile Strength and Composition of Hot-Rolled Plain Carbon Steels,” by C. F. Quest, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and T. S. Washburn, In- land Steel Co., Chicago.
“Effect of Composition and Steelmaking Practice on Graphitization Below the A, of Eighteen 1 Per Cent Plain Car- bon Steels,” by Charles R. Austin and Maurice C. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State college, State College, Pa.
Diffusion and Decomposition of Austenite
“Rate of Diffusion of Carbon in Austenite in Plain Carbon, Nickel and Manganese Steels,” by Cyril Wells and Robert F. Mehl, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh.
“Crystallography of Austenite Decompo- sition, I—Martensite Transformation,” by Alden B. Greninger, Harvard uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass., and Alex- ander R. Troiano, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.
“Crystallography of Austenite Decompo- sition, II—Products of Subcritical Transformation of Austenite,” by Al- den B. Greninger, Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass.
Austenitic Stainless Steels
“Elastic Properties of Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steels,” by Russell Franks and W. O. Binder, Union Car- bide & Carbon Research Laboratories Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y.
“Effects of Temperature of Pretreat- ment on Tensile Deformation Char- acteristics of an 18-8-Type Stainless Steel,” by Charles R. Austin and Carl H. Samans, Pennsylvania State col- lege, State College, Pa.
Tuesday, Feb. 13 NOON Luncheon meeting, executive, Iron and Steel division. Luncheon meeting, Blast Furnace and Raw Materials committee. Wednesday, Feb. 14 NOON Annual luncheon, Iron and Steel division.
Thursday, Feb. 15
NOON Luncheon meeting, executive committee, Open Hearth Conference. Luncheon meeting, Committee on Physi- cal Chemistry of Steelmaking. Luncheon meeting, Bessemer Steel com- mittee. 4 FP. M. Howe memorial lecture: “Slag Control,” by Charles H. Herty Jr., Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
INSTITUTE OF METALS DIVISION Recrystallization
“Recrystallization Texture of Aluminum After Compression,” by Charles S. Bar- rett, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh.
“Plastic Deformation and Recrystalliza- tion of Aluminum Single Crystals,” by J. A. Collins, E. I, duPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del., and C. H. Mathewson, Yale university, New Haven, Conn.
“Effect of Cold Work Upon Hardness and Recrystallizing Behavior of Pure Platinum,” by E. M. Wise and R. F Vines, International Nickel Co. Inc., New York.
“Damping Capacity Changes During Re- crystallization of Alpha Brass,” by John T. Norton, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
“Variation of Internal Friction with Grain Size,” by Clarence Zener and R. H. Randall, College of City of New York, New York
“Correlation of the Deformation and Recrystallization Textures of Rolled 70:30 Brass,” by R. M. Brick, Yale university, New Haven, Conn.
“Recovery and Recrystallization in Long- Time Annealing or 70:30 Brass,” by S. E. Maddigan and A. I. Blank, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn
Copper and Silver Alloy Systems
“Copper-Rich Alloys of the Copper- Nickel-Phosphorus System,” by D. K Crampton, H. L. Burghoff and J, T Stacey, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn.
“A Metallographic Study of Internal Oxidation in the Alpha Solid Solutions of Copper,” by Frederick N. Rhines, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh
“An X-Ray Study of the Silver-Lead and Silver-Bismuth Systems,” by Haim H. Chiswik and Ralph Hultgren, Harvard university, Cambridge, Mass
Allous of Cobalt “The Cobalt-Nickel-Silicon System Be- tween O and 20 Per Cent Silicon,” by Arthur C. Forsyth and R. L. Dowdell, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
General Physical Metalluray
“An Electron’ Diffraction Study of Anodic Films,” by R. A. Harrington and H. R. Nelson, Battelle Memorial institute, Columbus, O.
“Determination of Orientation by Etch Pits,” by Charles S. Barrett and L. H Levenson, Carnegie Institute of Tech- nology, Pittsburgh.
Wednesday, Feb. 14 4P. M.
Institute of Metals annual lecture: “Ac- celeration of Rate of Corrosion by High Constant Stresses,” by Edgar H. Dix Jr., Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh.
Thursday, Feb, 15 NOON
Luncheon meeting, executive committee, Institute of Metals division.
EVENING Annual dinner, Institute of Metals divi- sion, Biltmore hotel
61
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
Suspended Grinder
@ Sawyer Electrical Mfg. Co., 5715 Leneve street, Los Angeles, has de- veloped an aerial suspended grinder totally enclosed to prevent grinding dust from entering motor. Motor is two-pole polyphase design with no commutator brushes or centrifugal switches. Motor efficiency is high
pullout is twice rated capacity. Bearings are of standard double-shielded, factory- lubricated type and rotor is integral part of shaft. Grinder also is avail- able in portable types. Motor is 220- volt 3-phase 60-cycle with speed in all cases, except high-speed gear drive machine, of 3600 revolutions per minute. High-speed unit drives at 5400 revolutions per minute,
and power
Recording Controller
@ Foxboro Co., Foxboro, Mass., an- nounces a series of potentiometer recording controllers which _ incor- porates improved detecting mechan- ism, new integral recording and con- trol mechanism, and a new control system to provide maximum flexi- bility of use. Open-and-shut action and throttling action, with or with- out automatic reset, are available in air-operated models.
A single calibrated detecting cam is said to sense deflections of gal-
62
vanometer pointer of less than 0.0001-inch without lost motion. By positioning a friction roller, cam positively determines movement of integral slide-wire contact, record- ing and control actuating carriage. Integral recording and control mech- anism co-ordinates measuring, re- cording and controlling operations. Slide-wire contact, recording pen and cam follower actuating control cam are assembled as a unit on same rigid carriage. Guaranteed accuracy is % of 1 per cent of scale range.
Controller is highly accessible since entire mechanism can be pulled forward out of case and every mov- ing part removed or replaced. An- tivibration rubber-cushioned mount- ings can be used within case.
Vernier Control on Transmission Units
@ Link-Belt Co., 307 North Michi- gan avenue, Chicago, announces all sizes of its P. I. V. gear variable- speed transmission are now equipped with vernier control which can be supplied with either 7% to 1 or 30 to 1 ratio and two hand wheels—one for direct control and the other for vernier. Vernier control is said to
provide fine sensitivity required for true micrometer adjustments of speed, and to be suitable for syn- chronizing speeds of two machines, justifying for shrinkage and expan- sion of such products as textiles and paper, controlling feeders, weighing operations, obtaining exact register, controlling overlay of wire-covering on wire producing machinery, etc.
Stock Reel
@ J. A. Honegger, Bloomfield, N. J., offers Simplex stock reel for stamp- ing. Reel is actuated electrically by a solenoid pulling a pawl lever to engage a ratchet wheel attached to reel. Pawl arm is returned to its original position by a spring. Over- running of stock reel is said to be prevented by usual friction washers on reel. Sensitive actuating mech- anism of switch can be mounted on
a separate base or directly on reel stand.
Pull-type feed is made possible by sensitive counterbalanced actuating switch in conjunction with solenoid, for the only resistance to pull of feed arm is friction in stripper and weight of switch arm, a matter of inch-ounces. Reel will handle coils up to 200 pounds and, with a suit- able solenoid, up to 300 pounds.
Air-Gas Control
m@ North American Mfg. Co., 2910 East Seventy-fifth street, Cleveland, announces Air-Gas_ Ratiotrol for control motor operation which pro- duces an air-gas mixture of constant proportion, making both fluids in- terdependent while passing through aspirator and atmospheric regu- lator respectively. Control valve has adjustable port that can be set to insure effective control of air over whole motor operating range to- gether with an external by-pass to furnish air at blower pressure to an auxiliary diaphragm on atmospheric regulator when control motor goes to shut-off position. Force from this diaphragm closes off all gas flow to burners at this point, which is said to eliminate over-riding of tem- peratures at low temperature set- tings.
Part of energy in air stream aspirates gas so that a fixed rela- tionship is in existence at all times between quantities of the two fluids flowing. A number of rods of differ- ent diameters for varying area of
STEEL
nozzle and throat of aspirators are available for each size of Ratiotrol, so a large degree flexibility can be obtained by _ substitution. Within limits, changes in capacities, correc- tions for piping resistances, etc., can thus be made without exchang- ing or repiping of any equipment.
Fork Trucks
@ Baker-Raulang Co., 2168 West Twenty-fifth street, Cleveland, an- nounces Type KM (nontelescoping,) and Type KMH (telescoping) fork trucks available in capacities of 4000 and 6000 pounds and powered by 4-
cylinder Hercules industrial gasoline engines designed for continuous op- eration at high power output and rubber mounted to reduce vibration. Heavy-duty industrial-type transmis- sion and clutch are used, gearbox providing two speeds forward and two reverse. Hydrauiic brakes on drive wheels and all controls of au- tomotive type are provided.
Lifting and tilting motions are ac- complished by hydraulic system. Control valves permit control of speed at all times. Travel speeds are normally governed to 7 miles per hour, but higher speeds are avail- able if desired. Lifting speeds are up to 30 feet per minute and lower- ing speeds to 75 feet per minute. Forks may be had in any length de- sired. With standard overall height ef 88 inches and permitting entry into a boxcar, nontelescoping truck has a fork lift of 70 inches and tele- scoping model up to 124 inches.
Cylindrical Grinder
January 29, 1940
ing work table, fixed grinding wheel unit and a sensitive reversing mech- anism which permits grinding up to shoulder of shaft. Traveling work table running on inverted V-ways is superimposed on front bed. Once set, traverse and reversal of travel- ing work table are automatic and require no further attention. Handwhee!l and clutch for moving traveling table by hand, handwheel control for hand-feed of grinding wheel and electric controls for rapid in-and-out movement of wheelhead are provided. Work table drive is said to have steady travel and smooth, accurate reverse. Table is driven by an adjustable-speed re- versing motor through a two-speed drive with double helical gears.
Motor End-Shields Facilitate Mounting
@ U. S. Electrical Motors Inc., 200 East Slauson avenue, Los Angeles, offers motors with unimount end- shields having a fiat surface to facili- tate mounting of pumps and other
directly driven equipment and mag- netic brakes. Shields eliminate neces- sity for an adaptor, protect motor and conserve space. They can be as- sembled on either end of motor and can be used to mount a footless motor to a machine frame if desired.
Shields are available in a number of standardized outside diameters, mounting-machine fits, and _ bolt circles, as well as unmachined so user can fit own unit.
Moisture Teller
@ Harry W. Dietert Co., 9330 Rose- lawn avenue, Detroit, announce Moisture Teller taking a sample pan 3% inches in diameter and 1% inches in depth. Bottom of pan is made of 500-mesh mone! filter cloth.
Sample pan containing sample to be dried is placed under heated air outlet of device. Air, being above steaming point of water, causes moisture contained in sample to be flashed to steam and blown through bottom of pan. It is claimed sample is dried to constant weight in one minute for many materials.
Pan containing sample is light and
may be weighed on analytical bal ance for accurate moisture deter- minations. Temperature of drying air is automatically controlled by adjustable thermostat.
Hydraulic Flanging Press
Watson-Stillman Co., Roselle, N. J., has developed an overhung- gap type hydraulic flanging press to make work accessible. Model W-S pictured has three single-acting moving-down cylinders of 1000, 250 and 250 metric tons capacity re- spectively to total 1500 metric tons rated capacity for the press.
Two pullback cylinders are of 51 metric tons capacity each, and horizontal double-acting cylinder has capacity of 250 metric tons ca- pacity. Stroke of main cylinders is 59 inches; that of horizontal cylin- der, 6 feet 7 inches. Moving platen is 6 feet 6% inches x 8 feet 2° inches; bottom platen is 12 feet 5% inches x 14 feet 9 inches and horizon- tal ram face is 19% x 24 inches.
63
NEW
@ The butterfly design rolling grille made by Cornell Iron Works Inc., Thirty-sixth avenue and Thirteenth street, Long Island City, N. Y., con- sists of twisted metal links power- riveted to flat spacing bars with 5/16-inch round _ rods_ running
through the perforated ears of the links and forming the hinges. This allows structure to coil closely over- head around a horizontal pipe shaft which contains the counterbalancing springs.
Sizes up to 125 square feet are available with hand chain or hand crank. Electric motor drive is used with larger sizes.
Design illustrated is made in gal- vanized steel, aluminum, bronze, nickel silver, or stainless steel. Lock- ing is accomplished by chuting two bars horizontally, waist high, into holes in the metal side guides, com- bined with a cylinder lock which can be operated from either side.
@ The “Master” Hotpoint electric water heaters of Edison General Electric Appliance Co. Ine., 5600 West Taylor street, Chicago, feature a new beauty of design due to elim- ination of every unnecessary seam or angle. Entire tank, including the
METAL
PRODUCTS
top, is finished in white Calgloss.
The rounded edges of top fit smoothly over the body, and front panels are absolutely smooth with- out cracks or crevices to catch dust and dirt. This heater is available in 30, 40 and 50-gallon sizes with Monel or galvanized tanks, single or twin unit type. Heating is by Calrod hairpin unit and Thermosnap as- sures utmost economy and auto- matic operation.
@ An automatic control and safety pilot for their line of gas-steam ra- diators which is available with or without room thermostat is an- nounced by Automatic Gas Steam Radiator Co., 301 Brushton avenue, Pittsburgh. Either natural or ar- tificial gas may be used as fuel. Con- trol is available in both vented and unvented types and operates auto- matically without boiler, water pipes, coal, ashes or janitor service. A constant burning pilot and a posi-
tive safety pilot are incorporated. It is impossible to obtain a flow of gas to the burner in the absence of a pilot flame.
Valve is actuated manually with the reset button and pilot flame ig- nited. Within a few seconds the valve will remain open, but it will snap closed in event of failure of pi- lot flame, giving, it is claimed, 100 per cent shut-off.
@ Type MC dehumidifier combining advantages of an air washer with flexibility of a dry finned-coil air cooling unit is announced by York Ice Machinery Corp., York, Pa. Combined effect of finned coils and water sprays, being full air washing with multiple finned coils similar to those used in dry coil units, results in efficient cooling and dehumidify- ing. This combination also has ad- vantage of being able to cool air adiabatically as an air washer only, during periods of-low wet bulb. Since it is built up with standard finned coil sections and panelled ex- terior casing, this dehumidifier is said to be easily assembled. Section-
al nature of this equipment makes a great number of arrangements pos- sible to fit space available and cool- ing load to be handled.
M@ The new 2%-yard, 54-B, diesel- powered convertible shovel, dragline, clamshell, lifting crane of Bucyrus- Erie Co., South Milwaukee, Wis., has a husky quarry-type boom, wide outside dipper sticks, welded heavy- duty dipper and positive independ- ent crowd. The 54-B shovel front end is the same type as used on the 4, 5 and 6-yard shovels, yet the ma- chine is so compact that it comes within clearances of most U. S. standard gage railroads and can be shipped without major dismantling. Clearances are reduced and the cen- ter of gravity lowered by combining roller path and swing rack in the truck frame casting.
Entire right side of the cab is free of machinery and a roomy cross-aisle between engine and main machinery provides ample space for
making adjustments easily and quickly. Ratchet type chocking brakes provide quick free move-up for either dragline or shovel, with automatic locking against the push- back of the digging action. For dragline work on soft ground, extra- large tapered “swamp cats” are available.
STEEL
JC
Welded Oil Well Casing (Concluded from Page 47)
in the second class of job procedure. Running a welded casing con- sumes only slightly more time than required for threaded and coupled casing. On the other hand, instal- lation of a welded string requires a smaller crew. When calculating savings, this additional running time is neglected as it would be offset by the smaller crew. Thus saving due to use of welded casing resolves it- self into difference between cost of plain-end casing and cost of threaded casing minus the cost of welding.
In first case mentioned above, cost of 2933 feet of 7-inch outside-diam- eter 22-pound threaded and coupled casing totaled $3095.19. Cost of same amount of casing of plain end type for butt welding totals $2630.90, a saving of $464.29.
Cost of welding is figured at $57.53 including $34.80 for three welders, $8.70 for overhead, $8.32 for weld metal, $2.71 for cost of power, $3 for mileage of welding trucks to and from location.
Total net saving thus is $406.76, $5.90 per joint of casing or $0.139 per foot of casing.
In the second case where oil com- pany hires the welding to be done, saving on cost of pipe is same as above, $464.29, but cost of welding is $90, giving a net saving of $374.29, $5.43 per joint of casing or $0.1276 per foot of casing.
Savings Greater For Larger Casing
Of course, saving per foot of cas- ing is influenced by average length of casing. To realize the maximum saving, an oil company should in- stall casing made up of joints as long as practical as this means few- er welds. Casing length can hardly exceed 40 feet, however, because a longer length cannot be pulled in an ordinary derrick. Figuring cost of 10%4-inch, 40.5-pound casing shows a net saving per foot of $0.2479 in first case and $0.2247 in the second case. This greater net saving per foot with a larger pipe is due to the fact that mill prices for plain end pipe are 15 per cent less than for threaded and coupled pipe re- gardless of pipe size. Thus dollars and cents saving becomes higher for larger sizes of casing, whereas the cost of welding does not increase proportionately.
Figure total saving in a well. The typical oil well in Kansas near Ellis county utilizes 350 feet of 10%-inch string and 3200 feet of 7-inch string, which at $0.2247 per foot for the first and $0.1276 per foot for the second would total $78.65 and $408.32 respectively, a total saving per well of $486.97.
On a deeper well requiring 1100
January 29, 1940
JOINING AND WELDING—Continued
feet of the larger diameter pipe and 3400 feet of the 7-inch string, sav- ings are $247.17 and $433.84 respec- tively, making a total per well of
$681.01. Because of the increased joint strength and savings possible, in-
creased adoption of welded casing strings is expected. However, the art is yet new so intensive study may bring many improvements in the near future.
Hard-Facing Rod
@ Haynes “93” hard-facing rod, a new alloy welding rod for hard- surfacing wearing parts, is an-
Typical of housings and structural work fabricated with Genex is this portable drill rig built by Braver Machine
& Supply Co., Oklahoma City.
Co. Car-
Haynes unit of
nounced by Kokomo, Ind.,
second street, New York. 20d is recommended for severe abrasion, accompanied by moderate impact.
Rod is of a ferrous composition and contains more than 40 per cent of chromium, molybdenum, cobalt
and other alloying elements. It has a tensile strength of about 43,000
pounds per square inch and a hard- ness, aS deposited by oxyacetylene welding, of 62 Rockwell C. When
cooled, hardness 66 to 67
Rockwell C.
Easy to use, Genex Electrodes are often employed in making small units to re- place castings, such as this one built by The Dorr Company, Denver.
KEEP YOUR WELDING COSTS DOWN
WITH MUREX
In marine work, Genex speeds work where lap welds are required on bulkheads and hull plating.
A COMPLETE LINE
NtX
Investigate Thermit Welding, too—in use since 1902 for heavy repair work, crankshafts, etc.
The SPEEDY, EASY-TO-USE ALL- POSITION ELECTRODE FOR STRAIGHT POLARITY OR A.C. WELDING.
Designed for welding in any position... flat, vertical, or overhead ... and to readily bridge gaps where assembly fit-up is imperfect, Murex Genex Electrodes have several outstanding features which make them highly economical in operation. They are used at higher currents, which steps up welding speed. They burn with less spatter; less smoke, and so provide better visibility of the arc and the molten pool of weld metal. The slag is easy to remove and does not cling to the edges of the weld, even on heavy fillets. In multiple pass work, beads can be deposited on top of each other without cleaning away the slag be- tween passes.
Send for complete information, or ask to have a representative call and show you what these electrodes can do.
METAL & THERMIT CORPORATION 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Albany ° Chicago ° Pittsburgh So. San Francisco ° Toronto
= y COATED
WELDING APPLICATION
65
Shipyard Handling Unit
(Concluded from Page 44) angular shape was made possible by welding.
Crane machinery, control panel and operator’s control are housed in an all-welded steel cab located on the rotating platform. All motors are provided with solenoid brakes and full magnetic controls to give positive brake operation and accu- rate control over crane’s movements.
Fig. 1 shows one of the 20-ton screw-luffing cranes with the 125- foot boom in horizontal position. The luffing screw in this view ap- pears at the extreme upper right in its housing which extends from extreme right of revolving structure diagonally up to the top of the tri- angular boom. In Fig. 2 the boom has been lifted by operating the luf- fing screw which pulls down top corner of the triangular boom base. The lower two corners of boom base being pivoted, far end of the boom thus is raised. The screw-luffing mechanism absorbs tremendous stresses when lifting a 20-ton load near the end of the boom.
Triangular shape of the boom, found most suited for the use of the screw-luffing principle, is shown clearly in Fig. 3. Some of the de- tails of the unusual design employed in fabricating this boom also are visible in Fig. 3. Note the light yet sturdy construction employed for many members, formed by joining two L-sections using small welded crossmembers at frequent intervals. Plate reinforcements also will be
luffing screws and the housings for them is shown in Fig. 4. Each screw is motor driven, the drive of one of the units being shown already mounted on one of the welded steel housings in upper center of Fig. 4.
Entire weight of the rotating structure is supported upon a sys- tem of rolled-steel wheels. Fig. 5 shows two of the turntables being assembled. Hoists, trucks and other component parts of the cranes also are shown in this view taken on the assembly floor of the machine shop at Dravo Corp.’s Neville Island plant near Pittsburgh.
Direct Rolling Of Strip
(Concluded from Page 50) forced through it to remove heat. Roll pressures required on these mills are extremely light, running
only a few hundred pounds per inch in width. Operation of this small surfacing roll somewhat
parallels a boiler tube. As is well known, boiler tubes operate many months, 24 hours per day, with temperatures from 2500 to 3500 de- grees Fahr. on one side and with circulating water on the other.
Most of our efforts up to the present have been with brass. How- ever, sample heats of copper, alu- minum, low-carbon steel and sili- con steel have been rolled, giving as good results as with brass. Much work is being done in this direction at this time. The great difficulty due to segregation has been elimi- nated in brass. Gages as low as 0.015-inch have been rolled in one operation. Strip has been rolled at
fi ‘i EE ———
The real test of a wire rope is on the job. There is where quality counts... there is when claims give way to facts...and there is where “HERCULES” (Red-Strand) Wire Rope has proved, and continues to prove, its exceptional value
Furnished in both Round Strand and Flattened Strand constructions
— in either Standard or Preformed Type.
MADE ONLY BY
A. LESCHEN & SONS ROPE CO.
ae oe 2
LOUIS, MISSOURI, U.S.A
wire ROPE MAKERS
KENNERLY AVENUE
5909
SAN FRANCISCO °¢ 520 Fourth Street
NEW YORK 9O West Street cnicaGO 810 W. Woshington Bivd PORTLAND 914 N. W, 14th Avenve DENVER 1554 Wozee Street SEATTLE 3410 First Avenve South
| | |
500 feet per minute with sufficient- ly good gages for rerolling.
With new rolling surface de- scribed, roll cost has become an in- significant factor. The _ physical properties, surface and grain struc- ture of the various brasses are nor- mal after a 50 per cent cold reduction and suitable annealing. See accom- panying micrographs. Much work remains to be done on_ heavier gages and on other metals and alloys.
Industrial Illumination
(Concluded from Page 56) nomically with RLM Dome reflec- tors, two-way refractors, or other conventional outdoor units mount- ed at least 50 = feet’ high. To facilitate work of patrolling night watchmen, narrow-beam pro- jectors at the corners of yards and at 300-foot intervals will throw a ring of light around a yard. To avoid glare and reduced visibility, these projectors should be pointed in one direction only. If there is no patrol, units may point toward each other and the distance between poles doubled. Same purpose may be accomplished by placing projec- tors on roofs and directing them to boundaries, particularly to en- trances near railway sidings and other unguarded places. Light should never be directed toward buildings unless entire building is well floodlighted because glare may
prevent watchmen inside building from seeing approaching _ tres- passers.
(To be continued)
Zinc Output Increased Despite Larger Imports @ Zinc production in the United
States in 1939 amounted to 538,198 net tons, an increase of 17.77 per
| cent over 1938, but 8.72 per cent
| under
}
1937. Highest monthly pro- duction was 57,941 tons in Decem- ber; lowest, 39,450 tons in June, according to American Zinc Insti- tute Inc., New York.
Reduction of 20 per cent in duty on slab zine and zinc ore, effective Jan. 1, 1939, caused much appre- hension and held down domestic production until outbreak of war in Europe interfered with imports. The year’s imports of slab zinc to- taled 29,463 tons, compared with 7017 tons in 1938. Total foreign zinc entering consumption, includ- ing withdrawals from bond, was 59,952 tons, against 11,915 tons in 1938.
Domestic slab zinc shipments to- taled 598,972 tons, an increase of 51.43 per cent over 1938 and 5.22 per cent over 1937. Slab = zinc stocks in smelters’ hands Dec. 31, 1939, were 65,995 tons, compared with 126,769 at the start of the year.
STEEL
Steelmen Expect 10% Inerease
In Tin Plate Buying for 1940
CHICAGO @ DOMESTIC tin plate buying in 1940 will compare favorably with amount sold in 1939, while overall demand may show an _ improve- ment of 8 to 10 per cent this year, it was indicated by steel men attend- ing the thirty-third annual conven- tion of National Canners associa- tion, Canning Machinery & Supplies association, National Food Brokers
association and numerous related groups here, Jan. 21-26. Sentiment of canners, largest
consumers of American tin plate, showed improvement over a year ago. Carry-over pack this year was less and prices are more satisfac- tory. Showing of tin plate sales in 1940 will be determined by crops, and consequently, the magnitude of the pack.
Need for increased merchandising of canned products was stressed. Re- tiring President Walter L. Graefe, National Canners association said: “The canning industry, as I see it, has a two-fold task to perform. Its first job is to learn what consumers want; its second is to give con- sumers all available information about the industry, its problems, its policies, and its products. I have faith enough in the industry and enough confidence in the character of its products to believe that con- sumer education will make more and better customers for us.”
Industry Up-To-Date
With respect to the setting up of standards and the labeling of its products the canning industry has kept abreast of the times and has met the changes required with a minimum of protest and confusion, E. J. Cameron, director, Washing- ton research laboratory, National Canners association stated.
Considerable interest was aroused by Major Paul P. Logan, army in- dustrial college, who addressed the canners on the war department’s mobilization plan. During the past 15 years, he said, over 50,000 in- dustries have been surveyed, and at present over 10,000 factories are al- located for wartime production. Some of these are very large, he pointed out, citing General Motors as one example of a single alloca- tion.
The amazing part of the _ in- dustrial mobilization work, Major Logan stated, has been the intense spirit of patriotism of the country’s businessmen and their unselfish and unlimited co-operation. One large
January 29, 1940
eastern company prepared a fac- tory plan for wartime operation which cost them over $20,000 in en- gineering time and actual blue- prints.
Under the government’s alloca- tion system the full capacity of an industrial plant is listed at 250 points when working three shifts.
what its importance, however, it cannot be allocated for war production beyond 200 points. Generally, no allocation will go be- yond 125 points, or 50 per cent of productive capacity, insuring con- tinued production and sales of peacetime products and a quicker return to normal after the war. Twelve industrial states east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio rivers produce 66 per cent of the nation’s manufactured prod- ucts, but will be called on to pro- duce 86 per cent of the war load. Pennsylvania produces 9% per cent
their way for use in industry's business of transmitting power.
Day by day Horsburgh & Scott Herringbone and Helical
gears are becoming more popular because of their greater
accuracy
greater resistance to wear. These and many
other features make them most economical, smooth and quiet
for transmitting power between parallel shafts.
Your Company Letterhead Brings a Complete 448-Page Catalog
THE HORSBURGH & SCOTT CO.
GEARS AND SPEED REDUCERS
5112 HAMILTON AVENUE e
CLEVELAND, OHIO, U. S. A.
67
but will produce 24 per cent of the war load.
Speaking on “The Co-operative Era in Business and Government,” Judge J. Harry Covington, National Canners counsel, suggested: “If the area of governmental action is to be kept within reasonable limits, the industry must make an earnest and continuing effort to solve its own problems. Within the legally per- missive scope of trade association activity, much may be done. Indeed it is essential these days that the industry solve for itself those prob- lems common to its members, if the legislative solution with its regu-
lation and the consequent burdens of governmental bureaucracy are not to come.”
Dr. Neil Carothers, dean, school of business administration, Lehigh university, Bethlehem, Pa., said: “So far as we can judge the matter now, we should be able to avoid going to war. If we do, what effect will the war have on our economic situation? The answer is that it will not very greatly affect us either way.
“In September the whole country seemed to think that we would have another war boom of the feverish and bloated type we had in 1916. That is most unlikely. On the other
me Foundry Company is operating what is believed to
be the largest planer in the United States.
.. The
machine takes work 16 ft. 6 inches between the housings by 14 ft. 3inches under the rail. This planer enables Erie to effect economies in the machining of parts for large
Erie steam drop hammers...
and to offer its unusual
facilities to designers heretofore hampered by existing planer equipment... Manufacturers
DETROIT $35 Curt FRANCE
needing the capacity of this big planer are invited to consult with the Erie F'oundry Company.
ERIE FOUNDRY CoO.
ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA, U.S. A.
s Bl
Fenwick, S.A
ig
CHICAGO INDIANAPOLIS 549 Washington Blvd 335 Postal Station Bldg CANADA ENGLAND
John Bertram & Sons Co.,Ltd. Burton,Griffiths & Co.,Ltd
hand, the subsiding of the little boom last fall created widespread fear of a war depression. That also is most unlikely. The war will stimu- late trade and industry in many ways. It will kill industry and trade in many other ways. The net bal- ance should be in our favor.”
TNEC Steel Hearing
(Concluded from Page 18)
They have not demonstrated the close relation that exists between the prices of iron and steel and the general level of prices of other goods.”
Professor de Chazeau resumed the stand Friday to present the jus- tice department’s analysis made from returns to questionnaires sent to 59 steel companies. Study cov- ered heavy structural shapes, plates, sheets and strip, incorpo- rated 18 tables for each product.
The professor said the justice department and federal trade com- mission undertook to study the dis- tribution of shipments of selected products and a more detailed ex- amination of certain price charac- teristics for some of them.
Project was undertaken, he said, because no data were available for any recent period showing geo- graphical distribution of steel prod- ucts nor the magnitude of such pricing phenomena under the bas- ing point system as freight absorp- tion, phantom freight, mill net prices received, extent to which basing point formula of pricing was observed, or relative impor- tance of extras in steel prices.
Walter B. Wooden, assistant chief counsel for federal trade commis- sion, took charge of the hearing when consideration of the basing point system started. First steel witnesses called were Mr. Fairless and Avery C. Adams, U. S. Steel vice president. Mr. Fairless asked that he be questioned on policy and that Mr. Adams be allowed to answer basing point questions.
Mr. Adams told the committee the basing point system is a_ simple method of quoting delivered prices which results in competition of many geographically separated steel producers at markets for each of the diversified products of modern steel mills.
It is not, he testified, a price-fixing medium, nor does it result in high prices, nor does it stifle price com- petition. Rather it extends benefits of such competition to all consum- ers.
The U. S. Steel study prepared by Dr. Yntema includes a_ thorough study of the basing point system, illustrated with charts and diagrams, which was to be presented to the committee.
Committee expects to conclude the steel hearings early this week.
STEEL
Orders Also Trailing Shipments; Output
Extends Drop
@ STEELMAKING continues to moderate steadily as backlogs shrink under the influence of a restricted vol- ume of orders. Ingot production last week dropped 3 points to 81% per cent, with further curtailment indicated in some districts this week.
The present situation is the direct opposite of that prevailing last quarter, when buying was well in ex- cess of consumption and shipments. Finished steel deliv- eries and operations of metalworking plants are making a much more favorable showing than is indicated by mill bookings, but appearance of heavier orders awaits ab- sorption of a larger share of tonnage on hand or due against previous commitments.
One exception to this circumstance is pipe, busi- ness in which compares favorably with that a month ago. However, pipe did not figure in anticipatory buy- ing last quarter to the extent that prevailed in other products. Of note in the tubular market is placing of 16,000 tons of line pipe by Sohio Pipe Line Co.
Likelihood is seen that buyers will restrict subse- quent purchases more closely to early needs. Fin- ished steel prices are steady, but higher levels are not imminent, and while export demand gradually has increased since last September, it appears improbable mills will be so crowded with foreign business as to in- terfere seriously with domestic deliveries. How soon steel users will be required to become more active buy- ers remains problematical, although there are expec- tations that backlog reductions will be accompanied by at least a moderate upturn in purchases within another 30 days. Inquiries have appeared from some automotive interests for additional requirements which are counted on to be placed shortly. Ford is re- ported preparing to buy steel for 100,000 cars, prob- ably closing on this material next week.
Slowness with which automobile assemblies are re- sponding to seasonal influences, which commonly result in a downward trend at this time, reflects the generally satisfactory situation with respect to retail sales and dealer stocks. Motorcar production last week totaled 106,400 units, a decline of 2145 from the week be- fore but comparing with 89,200 units a year ago. Small gains were shown by Chrysler and Ford; inde- pendent makers were practically unchanged and Gen-
January 29, 1946
MARKET IN
Demand
Unchanged; buying shipments active.
Prutces.
Steady; definite ing im scrap.
Production
Down 3 points to 812 cent.
trend
Motors for most of the reduction.
Unfavorable weather throughout the country is re- tarding outdoor construction work and inquiries for fabricated shapes and concrete reinforcing bars still lag, but orders are moderately heavier. Shape awards are headed by 3000 tons for a bridge, Jacksonville, Fla.; 2000 tons for a TVA dam in Kentucky; 1500 tons for a Philadelphia navy yard building; 1500 tons for an air corps hangar, Denver, and 1050 tons for naval
depot magazines in Nevada.
eral accounted
Tin plate demand remains seasonally light, with out- put holding at 69 per cent. Opinion expressed at the recent convention of canners that 1940 tin plate busi- ness will be possibly 10 per cent ahead of 1939 al- lows for little change in domestic demand, with the margin accounted for by improved export sales.
Pig iron shipments have receded markedly in some areas, largely resulting from reduced needs of steel- works and consumption of material in stock. Foundry operations are well sustained, however, in many in- stances comparing favorably with the December rate. Export inquiries are heavier, particularly from Scan- dinavian countries.
Scrap markets are slow and prices have yet to fol- low a definite trend. The weather has been a strength- ening factor, but this is offset by light demand from consumers. Stronger prices at Pittsburgh, while not indicative of the situation throughout the country, raise the composite 21 cents to $17.59. This is the first upturn in the composite in nearly four months.
Railroad purchases again are small. Outstanding are orders from Chile for 21 locomotives. A few thou- sand tons of rails have been placed by domestic roads, but freight car buying is scant.
Most steelmaking districts curtailed schedules last week, exceptions being unchanged rates of 80 per cent in eastern Pennsylvania, 94 at Birmingham, 83 at St. Louis and 74% at Cincinnati. Reductions in- cluded 4 points to 78 at Pittsburgh, 1 point to 91 at Chicago, 16 points to 80 at Wheeling, 3 points to 67 at Buffalo, 8 points to 75 in New England, 4 points to 87 at Detroit, 8% points to 74 at Cleveland and 6 points to 68 at Youngstown.
69
TABLOID *«
slow,
lack-
per
Jan. 27 Iron and Steel $37.09 Finished Steel 56.10 Steelworks Scrap.. 17.59
Iron and Steel Composite: rails, alloy steel,
pipe, strip, nails, tin plate,
hot pipe.
Jan. 20
$37.07 56.10 17.38
Jan.
$37
56.
17
13 .09 10 46
hot strip, and cast iron pipe at representative centers.
One Three Month Ago Months Ago Dec., 1939 Oct., 1939 $37.18 $37.62 56.10 55.90 13.88 21.45
One Five Year Ago Years Ago Jan., 1939 Jan., 1935
$36.36 $32.58
56.50 54.00
14.77 12.03
Steelworks Scrap Composite:—Heavy melting steel and compressed sheets.
COMPARISON OF PRICES
Representative Market Figures for
Finished Materia!
Steel bars, Pittsburgh
Steel bars, Chicago
Steel bars, Philadelphia
Iron bars, Terre Haute, Ind. Shapes, Pittsburgh
Shapes, Philadelphia
Shapes, Chicago
Plates, Pittsburgh
Plates, Philadelphia
Plates, Chicago
Sheets, hot-rolled, Pittsburgh Sheets, cold-rolled, Pittsburgh Sheets, No. 24 galv., Pittsburgh Sheets, hot-rolled, Gary Sheets, cold-rolled, Gary Sheets, No. 24 galv., Gary Bright bess., basic wire, Pitts. Tin plate, per base box, Pitts. Wire nails, Pittsburgh
Semifinished Material Pittsburgh, Chicago. Chicago Pittsburgh
Sheet bars, Slabs, Pittsburgh, Rerolling billets,
Wire rods, No. 5
to .8,-inch, Pitts.
Jan. 27, Dec. 1940 1939 2.15c 2.15¢c 2.15 2.15 2.47 2.47 2.15 2.15 2.10 2.10 2.215 2.215 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.225 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 3.05 3.05 3.50 3.50 2.10 2.10 3.05 3.05 3.50 3.50 2.60 2.60 $5.00 $5.00 §$: 2.55 2.55 $34.00 $34.00 §$ 34.00 34.00 34.00 34.00
2.00 1.98
Oct. Jan. 1939 1939 2.15c 2.25c 2.15 2.25 2.47 2.57 2.13 2.15 2.10 2.10 2.215 2.215 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.275 2.15 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.15 3.05 3.20 3.50 3.50 2.00 2.15 3.05 3.20 3.50 3.50 2.60 2.60
5.00 $5.00
2.50 2.45 34.00 $34.00 34.00 34.00 34.00 34.00 1.92 1.92
® Jan. 27, Dec. Oct. Pig Iron 1940 1939 1939 Bessemer, del. sila ete Sane aon $24.34 $24.34 $24.34 Basic, Valley .. : set “ewe aewo - 2250 Basic, eastern, del, Philadelphia 24.34 24.34 24.34 No. 2 foundry, Pittsburgh ...... 24.21 24.21 24.21 No. 2 foundry, Chicago 23.00 23.00 23.00 Southern No. 2, Birmingham ‘ 19.38 19.38 19.38 Southern No. 2, del. Cincinnati. 22.89 22.89 22.89 No. 2X, del. Phila. (differ. av.).. 25.215 25.215 25.215 Malleable, Valley 23.00 23.00 23.00 Malleable, Chicago Ae 8 ier 23.00 Lake Sup., charcoal, del. Chicago 30.34 30.34 30.34 Gray forge, del. Pittsburgh ; Se.47 -2a.i7 23.17 Ferromanganese, del. Pittsburgh 105.33 105.33 105.33 Scrap Heavy melting steel, Pittsburgh $18.75 $18.50 $23.15 Heavy melt. steel, No. 2, E. Pa. 16.50 17.60 20.00 Heavy melting steel, Chicago 16.50 16.50 19.25 Rails for rolling, Chicago .... 18.75 19.75 21.90 Railroad steel specialties, Chicago 18.50 19.90 21.78 Coke Connellsville, furnace, ovens $4.75 $4.75 $4.75 Connellsville, foundry, ovens ite 5.75 5.80 Chicago, by-product fdry., del. 10.50 10.50 10.50
STEEL, IRON, RAW MATERIAL, FUEL AND METALS PRICES
Except when otherwise designated, prices are base, f.0.b. cars.
Sheet Steel
Hot Rolled
Pittsburgh 2.10c Chicago, Gary 2.10c Cleveland . 2.10c Detroit, del. ; 2.20c Buffalo 2.10¢ Sparrows Point, Md. 2.10c New York, del. . 2.84c Philadelphia, del. 2.27c Granite City, Il. 2.20c Middletown, O. 2.10¢c Youngstown, O. 2.10c Birmingham 2.10c Pacific Coast points 2.60c Cold Rolled Pittsburgh 3.05c Chicago, Gary 3.05¢ PD vache es od ba vss 3.05c¢ Cleveland ae 3.05¢ Detroit, delivered 3.15¢ Philadelphia, del, ...... 3.37¢ New York, del. .. 3.39c Granite City, Ill. 3.15¢ SS 6 a er 3.05c Youngstown, O. ae che Pacific Coast points.... 3.65c Galvanized No, 24 OEP CO REC ee 3.50c 5 ars 3.50c RS eee 3.50c Sparrows Point, Ma. 3.50c Philadelphia, del. ...... 3.67¢ New York, delivered .... 3.74c Birmingham ........... 3.50c
Granite City, Ill.
Middletown, O. Youngstown, O.
Pacific Coast points.. Black Plate, No. 29 anid Lighter
Pittsburgh Chicago, Gary Granite City,
Ill.
3.05c 3.15¢
Long Ternes No. 24 Unassorted
Pittsburgh, Gary
Pacific Coast
Enameling Sheets
Pittsburgh
Chicago, Gary.. Ill. Youngstown, O.
Granite City,
Cleveland Middletown,
O. Pacific Coast...
Se ae 3.80¢
Ay eee 4.50c No.10 No. 20 2.75¢ 3.35¢ 2.75¢ 3.35c 2.85¢ 3.45¢ 2.75c 3.35¢c 2.75¢c 3.35¢ 2.75¢ 3.35¢ 3.35c 3.95¢c
Corrosion and Heat- Resistant Alloys
Pittsburgh base, cents per Ib. Chrome-Nickel
Sheets Hot strip Cold Straight
No.
|
No. 302 No. 304 24.00 25.00 27.00 29.00 34.00 36.00 21.50 23.50 28.00 30.00
Chromes
No. No. No.
410 430 442 446
Bars ..
.18.50 19.00 22.50 27.50
Plates ...21.50 22.00 25.50 30.50 Sheets . .26.50 29.00 32.50 36.50 Hot strip.17.00 17.50 24.00 35.00 Cold stp..22.00 22.50 32.00 52.00 Steel Plate
ei lg . 2.1N¢ New York, del. ........ 2.29¢ Philadelphia, del. 2.15¢c Boston, delivered ...... 2.46c Buffalo, delivered ...... 2.33¢ Chicago or Gary ...... 2.10¢ DEL fs Gs d's sas 6054 2.10¢ co | 2.10c¢ Coatesville, Pa. . 2.10c Sparrows Point, Md. 2.10¢ ne 2.10c BOUMMOTOWN 2 ose ccsieses 2.10¢ ST ok Esk x's 565 3% 2.45c Pacific Coast points.... 2.60c
Steel Floor Plates
go ee 3.35¢ Fe ere ere 3.35c eer oe 3.70c Pacific Coast ports 3.95¢c
Standard Shapes
Pittsburgh Philadelphia, del. New York, del. Boston, delivered Bethlehem Chicago Cleveland, del.
Buffalo
Gulf ports .. Birmingham St. Louis, del.
Pacific Coast points. ys
Pig iron, scrap, billets, sheet bars, wire rods, tin plate, wire, sheets, plates, shapes, bars, black Finished Steel Composite:—Plates, shapes, bars,
Current Week; Average for Last Month, Three Months and One Year Ago
Jan. 1939 $22.34 20.50 22.34 22.21 21.00 17.38 20.89 23.215 21.00 21.00 28.34 21.17 90.25
$15.60 13.25 13.75 17.75 16.00
$3.75 5.00 10.50
2.10¢ 2.45¢ 2.10¢ 2.34c 2.70¢
Tin and Terne Plate Tin Plate, Coke (base box)
Pittsburgh, Gary, Chicago $5.00 Granite City, TU.s.<..55 5 0 Mfg. Terne Plate (base bex) Pittsburgh, Gary, Chicago $4.30 Granite: City, Th. ess isc. 4.40
Bars Soft Steel (Base, 20 tons or over) SORRRMNNIR MEER 2 Pins, gi tee x's 2.15¢ Chieago or Gary ...... 2.15¢ Duluth : 2.25¢c Cel od) 2.15¢ oo. a erenan 2.15¢ a” A eee rear 2.15¢ Detroit, delivered ...... 2.25¢c Philadelphia, del. ...... 2.47¢c Boston, delivered ....... 2.52¢ IOGW TOTH, GOL, .issees 2.49¢ MOORE SOE os eink ac stents 2.50¢ Pacific Coast points.... 2.75¢ Rail Steel (Base, 5 tons or over) PUB OUTER ons as cvie ese 2.15¢ Chicago or G@TyY ...«.. 2.15c Detroit, delivered ...... 2.25¢ RUMI? © bes eee wan's 2.15¢ STEEL
I eee eae Rope 2.15¢c a 2.15¢ Te WO cass es ee 2.50c Pacific Coast points .... 2.75c Iron Chicago, Terre Haute . . 2.15c Phiiiodeinhia ...< 6.62... 2.37¢ Pittsburgh, refined. .. .3.50-8.00c Reinforcing New Billet Bars, Base* Chicago, Gary, Buffalo, Cleve., Birm., Young., Sparrows Pt., Pitts.... 2.15c SU NEU no 0.0 5 ee 2 50 2.50c¢ Pacific Coast ports ...... 2.60c
Rail Steel Bars, Base*
Pittsburgh, Gary Cnhi-
cago, Buffalo, Cleve-
land, Birm. 2.15¢c 2. Seta 2.50¢c Pacific Coast ports ...... 2.60c
*Subject to a deduction of 25 cents per 100 lbs. in lots of 20 tons or over of one size, in lengths of 30 feet or over, for shipment at one time to one destination.
Wire Products
Pitts-Cleve.-Chicago-Birm. base per 100 lb.-keg in carloads
Standard and cement
coated wire nails .... $2.55 (Per pound)
Polished fence staples... 2.55¢c Galv. barbed wire, stand-
ard 12% gage two-
point hog, 80-rod spool
$2.88; two-point cattle,
80-rod spool $2.70 Annealed fence wire. . 5, S8Se Galv. fence wire ... 3.30c Woven wire fencing (base
C. L. column) .... 67.00 Single loop bale ties.
(base C. L. column). 56.00 To Manufacturine Trade Base, Pitts. - Cleve. - Chicago- Birmingham (except spring wire)
Bright bess., basic wire.. 2.60c Galvanized wire 2.65c Spring wire .. 3.20c
Worcester, Mass., $2 ‘higher on bright basic and spring wire.
Cut Nails
Carload, Pittsburgh . $3.85 Cold-Finished Bars Carbon Alloy Pittsburgh 2.65¢ 3.35¢c CHICBEO ....-5. 2.65¢ 3.35¢ Gary, Ind 2.65c 3.35¢ ee 2.70c *3.45c Cleveland ..... 2.65c 3.35¢ melo ....5 22%. 2.65c 3.35c
* Delivered.
Alloy Bars (Hot)
(Base, 20 tons or over)
Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Chi- cago, Massillon, Can-
ton, Bethlehem ..... 2.70c Detroit, delivered ...... 2.80c Alloy Alloy S.A.E, Diff. S.A.E. Diff. a 0.35 oS ae 0.70 mee.... .O4S 3200. . 1.35 ) 1.55 | 3.80 2500: ........2.25 3400......3.20 4100 0.15 to 0.25 Mo....... 0.55 4600 0.20 to 0.30 Mo. 1.50- IS Kwak e's 6 oie sprees 1.10 S300 0.30-1.30 Cr. ......... 0.45 5100 Cr. spring flats ...... 0.15 aS Rg Se aR ee 1.20 6100 spring flats ......... 0.835 SN EMR eoig Ava vigis.s bead ¢ 1.50 oo ky Saas 0.85 S200 spring flats.......... 0.15
9200 spring rounds, squares 0.40 Electric furnace up 50 cents.
January 29, 1940
—The Market Week—
Strip and Hoops (Base, hot strip, 1 ton or over; cold, 3 tons or over) Hot Strip, 12-inch and less Pittsburgh, Chicago,
Gary, Cleveland, Youngstown, Middle- town, Birmingham.... 2.10c po | 2.20c Philadelphia, del. 2.42c New York, del. ...... 2.46c Pacific Coast points.. 2.70c Cooperage hoop, Youngs., Pitts.; Chicago, Birm. 2.20c Cold strip, 0.25 carbon and under, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Youngstown 2.80c COON) onic casein 2.90¢ ie) ar 2.90c Worcester, Mass. ..... 3.00c Carbon Cleve., Pitts. 0.26—0.50......... «csr eee 0.51—6.75 . . 2.6.55. 4.30c So Sa a ee 6.15¢ COMES ROOD Ss wis 50 8.35¢c
Worcester, Mass. $4 higher. Commodity Cold-Rolled Strip
Pitts.-Cleve.-Youngstown 2.95c Se ENS ae Se er Pe 3.05c SIO RE Gs SNS bie os aivnn ss. 3.05c Worcester, Mass. ....... 3.35¢
Lamp stock up 10 cents.
Rails, Fastenings (Gross Tons) Standard rails, mill.... Relay rails, Pittsburgh 20—100 lbs. ...... 32.50-35.50 Light rails, billet qual.,
$40.00
Pitts., Chicago, B’ham. $40.00 Do., rerolling quality.. 39.00 Cents per pound Angle bars, billet, mills. 2.70c DO. GMIe StOGl .. 2.45. 2.35¢c Spikes, R. R. base ..... 3.00¢ Track bolts, base ante 4.15¢ Car axles forged, Pitts., Chicago, Birmingham. 3.15c Tie plates; base ........ 2.15c
Base, light rails 25 to 60 lbs., 20 lbs., up $2; 16 lbs. up $4; 12 lbs. up $8; 8 lbs. up $10. Base railroad spikes 200 kegs or more; base plates 20 tons.
Bolts and Nuts
F.o.b. Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Birmingham, Chicago. Dis- counts for carloads additional 5%, for full containers addi- tional 10%.
Carriage and Machine
% x 6 and smaller ....68.5 off Do. larger, to 1-in. ... .66 off Do. 1% and larger..... 64 off
Tite ORE a6 ks eases 0 < Bae Ou
Stove Bolts In packages with nuts separate 72.5 off; with nuts attached add 15%; bulk 83.5 off on 15,000 of 3-inch and shorter, or 5000 over 3-in.
Step bolts Plow bolts Nuts Semifinished hex. U.S.S. S.A.E.
6-inch and less.. 67 70 We-i-INCHM ....63- 64 65 1% and larger.. 62 62 Hexagon Cap Screws Upset, 1-in., smaller... .70.0 off Square Head Set Screws Upset, 1-in., smaller... .75.0 off Headless set screws... .64.0 off Piling Pitts., Chgo., Buffalo.... 2.40c Soy vices cs me wes 2.85¢ Pacific coast ports ...... 2.90¢ Rivets, Washers Structural, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago ... 3.40c
ys-inch and smaller,
Pitts., Chi., Cleve. ..65-10 off Wrought washers, Pitts.,
Chi., Phila., to jobbers
and large nut, bolt
mfrs. l.c.l. $5.40; c.l. $5.75 off
Welded Iron, Steel Pipe
Base discounts on steel pipe. Pitts., Lorain, O., to consumers in carloads. Gary, Ind., 2 points less on lap weld, 1 point less on butt weld. Chicago delivery 2% and 1% less, respectively. Wrought pipe, Pittsburgh base.
Butt Weld Steel In. Blk. Galv Oe iaceaes ewer 63% 54 _ ES ace 66% 58 1—3 ... 68% 60% Iron Wa a at owemianins 30 13 Ree 5 cbt wade 34 19 eee s le Seine 38 21% rE ee er ee 37% 21 Lap Weld Steel 2 61 52% 2%—3 64 55% Bima occa k cece 66 57% 7 and 8 65 55% 9 and 10 64% 55 ii and 12 ....... @G% 54 Iron Rae 30% 15 2%—3% 31% 17% 4 vc tase aii taacie ne 33% 21 4%—8 .......... 32% 20 9—12 ccs: (oo 15 Line Pipe Steel 1 to 3, butt weld ...... 67 % 2, lap weld ; ats es Se 2% to 3, lap weld. “- 63 3% to 6, lap weld ...... 65 7 and 8, lap weld ...... 64 10-inch lap weld ...... 63% 12-inch, lap weld 62% Iron Blk. Galv. % butt weld o. 25 7 1 and1% butt weld 29 13 1% butt weld .... 33 15% ye a 32% 15
1% lap weld .... 23% i 2 lap weld
2% to 3% lap weld 26% 11% 4 lap weld 28% 15 4% to 8 lap weld. 27% 14
9 to 12 lap weld...23% 9
Boiler Tubes
Carloads minimum wall seam- less steel boiler tubes, cut lengths 4 to 24 feet; f.o.b. Pitts- burgh, base price per 100 feet subject to usual extras.
Lap Welded
Char-
coal
Sizes Gage Steel Iron 1%”O.D. 13 $ 9.72 $23.71 1%”0.D. 13 11.06 22.93 a” @ 3). 13 12.38 19.35 2%”0.D. 13 13.79 21.68 2%”0.D. 12 15.16 ney 2%”0.D. 12 16.58 26.57 2% ”0.D. 12 17.54 29.00 Ss” ©}. 12 18.35 31.36 3%”0.D. 11 23.15 39.81 a”. OD. 10 28.66 49.90 Ss” Od 9 44.25 73.93 eo” OD. 7 68.14 ‘
Seamless
Hot Cold Sizes Gage Rolled Drawn 1 ”O.D. 13 $ 7.82 $ 9.01 1%”O.D. 13 9.26 10.67 1%”0.D. 13 10.23 11.79 1%”O.D. 13 11.64 13.42
a” OD. 13 13.04 15.03 2%”0.D. 13 14.54 16.76 2%”0.D. 12 16.01 18.45 2%”O.D. 12 17.54 20.21 2% ”0.D. 12 18.59 21.42 a” GXre 12 19.50 22.48 3%”0.D. 11 24.62 28.37 4 O.D. 10 30.54 35.20 4%”0.D. 10 37.35 43.04 5 O.D. 9 46.87 54.01 G > CX. 7 71.96 82.93 Cast Iron Pipe
Class B Pipe—Per Net Ton 6-in., & over, Birm..$45.00-46.0U
4-in., Birmingham .. 48.00-49.00 4-in., Chicago . 56.80-57.80 6-in. & over, Chicago 53.8U0-54.80 6-in. & over, east fdy. 49.00
Do., 4-in. 52.00
Class A Pipe $3 over Class B Stnd. fitgs., Birm., base $100.00
Semifinished Steel Rerolling Billets, Slabs
(Gross Tons) Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary,
Cleve., Buffalo, Young., Birm., Sparrows Point. . $34.00 Duluth (billets) cee SOO Detroit, delivered . 36.00 Forging Quality Billets Pitts., Chi., Gary, Cleve., Young., Buffalo, Birm.. 40.00 Duluth a, 42.00 Sheet Bare Pitts., Cleveland, Young., Sparrows Point, Buf- falo, Canton, Chicago.. 34.00 Detroit, delivered 36.00 Wire Rods Pitts., Cleveland, Chicago, Birmingham No. 5 » to 8- inch incl. (per 100 lbs.) $2.00 Do., over 8; to #f-in. incl. 2.15 Worcester ‘up $0.10; Galves- ton up $0.25; Pacific Coast up $0.45. Skelp Pitts., Chi., Youngstown,
Coatesville, Sparrows Pt, 1.90c
Coke
Price Per Net Ton Beehive Ovens Connellsville, fur. $4.50- 4.75 Connellsville, fdry 5.00- 5.75 Connell. prem. fdry. 5.75- 6.25 New River fdry. 6.25- 6.50 Wise county fdry 5.50- 6.50 Wise county fur. 5.00- 5.25
By-Product Foundry
Newark, N. J., del. 11.38-11.85 Chicago, outside del. 10.50 Chicago, delivered 11.25 Terre Haute, del. 10.75 Milwaukee, ovens 11.25 New England, del. 12.50 St. Louis, del. . 11.75 Birmingham, ovens 7.50 Indianapolis, del, 10.75 Cincinnati, del. 10.50 Cleveland, del. 11.05 Buffalo, del. .. 11.25 Detroit, del. . 11.00 Philadelphia, del. 11.15
Coke By-Products
Spot, gal., freight allowed east of Omaha Pure and 90% benzol 16.00¢ Toluol, two degree 25.00c Solvent naphtha 7.00c Industrial xylol ; , 7.00c Per lb. f.o.b. SPER iy “ana St. Louis Phenol (less than 1000 lbs.) : 14.75¢ Do. (1000 lbs. or over) 13.75¢c Eastern Piants, per lb. Naphthalene flakes, balls, bbls. to jobbers ...... 6.75c¢ Per ton, bulk, f.o.b. port Sulphate of ammonia . $28.00 11
Delivered prices
Pig Iron
No. 2 foundry is 1.75-2.25 sil.;
2.25 sil.; 50c diff.
Basing Points: Bethlehem, Pa. Birdsboro, Pa. Birmingham, Ala.§ Buffalo Chicago Cleveland Detroit Duluth Erie, Pa.
Everett, Mass. Granite City, Il. Hamilton, O.
Neville Island, Pa. Provo, Utah Sharpsville, Pa. Sparrow’s Point, Md. Swedeland, Pa. . Toledo, O. Youngstown, O.
below 1.75 sil.
include switching charges only as noted.
25c diff. for each 0.25 sil. above Gross tons. No.2 Malle- Besse- Fdry. able Basic mer .. .$24.00 $24.50 $23.50 $25.00 .. 24.00 24.50 23.50 25.00 . 19.38 ‘ 18.38 24.00 . 23.00 23.50 22.00 24.00 . 23.00 23.09 22.50 23.50 . 23.00 23.00 22.50 23.50 .- 28.00 23.00 22.50 23.50 .. 23.50 23.50 yaaa 24.00 .. 23.00 23.50 22.50 24.00 . 24.00 24.50 23.50 25.00 . 23.00 23.00 22.50 23.50 .. 28.00 23.00 22.50 er -- 23.00 23.00 22.50 23.50 . Re : * hare . 23.00 23.00 22.50 23.50 os. AO ‘ 23.50 ewe .. 24.00 24.50 23.50 25.00 os a0 23.00 22.50 23.50 .. 23.00 23.00 22.50 23.50
tSubject to 38 cents deduction for 0.70 per cent phosphorus
No.2 Malle- Besse- Fdry. able Basic mer a AR: , er 23.50 23.50 23.00 St. Louis from Birmingham . 423.12 rs 22.62 pat Bt. Paul trom Dwium .... 6.02. 25.63 25.63 26.13 7Over 0.70 phos. Low Phos. Basing Points: Birdsboro and Steelton, Pa., and Buffalo, N. Y., $28.50, base; $29.74 delivered Philadelphia. Gray Forge Charcoal Valley TUPAALS ...26.055 $22.50 Lake Superior fur. ..... $27.00 Poem, Gest. TUR. oc cle eis 22.50 do., del. Chicago ...... 30.34 Ce, . Sas «5 she Scararwe 26.50 +Silvery
Jackson county, O., base: 6-6.50 per cent $28.50; 6.51-7—$29.00;
7-7.50—$29.50;
7.51-8—$30.00;
8-8.50—$30.50; 8.51-9—$31.00;
9-9.50—$31.50; Buffalo, $1.25 higher. Bessemer Ferrosilicon*t Jackson county, O., base; Prices are the same as for silveries,
plus $1 a ton.
+The lower all-rail delivered price from Jackson, O., or Buffalo
is quoted with freight allowed.
Manganese differentials in silvery iron and ferrosilicon, 2 to 3%, $1 per ton add. Each unit over 3%, add $1 per ton.
Refractories
Ladle Brick (Pa., O., W. Va., Mo.)
or higher. Per 1000 f.0.b. Works, Net Prices Dry press ............. $28.00 Fire Clay Brick WIS PU 6s .osiseiees ewes $26.00 Delivered from Basing Points: Super Quality D are Se page d Akron, O., from Cleveland . 2439 2439 23.89 2489 Pa» Mo, Ky. ...... ene ee ae Baltimore from Birmingham . 24.78 eA 23.66 First Quality Pomteaiits. Wtuath. ant Boston from Birmingham....... 24.12 pres § ve es Pa., Ill., Md., Mo., Ky... 47.50 ton bulk. 2 22.00 Boston from Everett, Mass...... 24.50 25.00 24.00 25.50 Alabama, Georgia ...... 47.50 net ton bags Saad Dilpeapae 26.00 Boston from Buffalo ........... 24.50 25.00 24.00 25.50 A, 52.50 ‘ade Brick ‘i 7 Brooklyn, N. Y., from Bethlehem 26.50 27.00 un bas Fj , Canton, O., from Cleveland. .... . 2439 2439 23.89 24.89 gy gang Net ton, f.0.b. Baltimore, Ply- Chi a., Ill, Ky., Md., Mo... 42.75 mouth Meeting, Chester, Pa. cago from Birmingham 123.22 aa wean’ eh Georgia, Alabama -. $4.20 . Cincinnati! from Hamilton, O.... 23.24 2411 23.61 seine dane Cee 00 rreme Brice... . «+. $50.00 Cincinnati frem Birmingham. ... 23.06 a 22.06 en ee ek “™ Chem. bonded chrome... 50.00 Cleveland from Birmingham.... 23.32 22.82 .., Ohio Magnesite brick ..... .+ 72.00 Mansfield, O., from Toledo, O.... 24.94 24.94 24.44 24.44 First quality .......... 39.99 Chem. bonded magnesite 61.00 Milwaukee from Chicago. . 24.10 24.10 23.60 24.60 Intermediate ........... 36.10 Muskegon, Mieh., from Chicago, Second quality ........ 31.35 Fluorspar Toledo or Detroit ve 26.19 26.19 25.69 26.69 Newark, N. J., from Birmingham 25.15 ye , a Malleable Bung Brick Washed gravel, duty Newark, N. 7. from Bethlehem 25.53 re DIS: Coase ees $56.05 pd., tide, net ton. $25.00-$26.00 Philadelphia from Birmingham 24.46 aes 23.96 Silica Brick Washed gravel, f.o.b. Philadetphia from Swedeland, Pa. 24.84 25.34 24.34 tate Ill., Ky., net ton, Pittsburgh district from NevillefNeville base, plus 69c, 84c, Pennsylvania .......... $47.50 carloads, all rail. 22.00 Island a : .oseeees land $1.24 freight. Joliet, E. Chicago ..... 55.10 PG, RENO oo ce cs 22.00 Saginaw, Mich., from Detroit 25.31 25.31 24.81 25.81 Birmingham, Ala. ...... 47.50 No. 2 lump ........ 22.00 Ferroalloy Prices Ferrumungunese, 78-82%, ee ee a 11.00c ce a oe 145.00 RMEDN BUDS Mwaierciadire wos a 14.00c lump and bulk, carlots Do., tom-30ts ....0%.. 11.75¢ Do, contract, ton lots 145.00 te Se ee 12.50c tide., duty pd. . $100.00 Do., less-ton lots 12.00¢ aan” aoe po 150.00 Spot %c higher Ton bots 110.00 67-72% low carbon: ¥ © Ul, d-0% carbon, Less ton lots 113.50 Car- Ton Less carlots, contr., net ton 157.50 Silicon Briauete, contract Less 200 Ib. lets 118.00 loads lots ton Do, spot ............. 25050 8 ailowed. ton . $69.50 Do., carlots del. Pitts. 105.33 2% carb... 17.50c 18.25¢ 18.75c Do, contract, ton lots. 160.00 Mee Gites 79 50 Splegeleisen, 19-21% dom. 1% carb... 18.50¢c 19.25¢ 19.75¢ _ Do, spot, ton lots .... 165.00 roc. ton iots, Ib... 3.75¢ Palmerton, Pa., spot.. 32.00 9.10% carb. 20.50c 21.25c 21.75¢ Alsifer, contract carlots, _ Less 200 Ib. lots, Ib. 4.00c Do., 26-28% .... 89.50 0.20% carb. 19.50c 20.25¢ 20.75¢ _—f.0.b, Niagara Falls, lb. 7.50c Spot %-cent higher. Ferrosllicen, 50% freight Spot Ke higher Do, ton lots ......... 8.00c Manganese Briquets, allowed, c.l. 69.50 Ferromolybdenum, — 55- Do, less-ton lots ..... 8.50¢ contract carloads, Do., ton lot ..... 82.00 65% molyb. cont., f.0.b. Spot %c lb. higher bulk freight allowed, Do., 75 per cent.. 126.00 ke re 0.95 Chromium Briquets, con- REN, see Te a 5.00c Do, ton lots 142.00 Calcium molybdate, 1b. tract, freight allowed, PON GEONB 5552 bien oe <b 5.50¢ Spot, $5 a ton higher. molyb. cont., f.0.b. mill 0.80 Ib, spot carlots, bulk 7.00c Less-ton lots ....... 5.75¢ Silicomanganese, c.l., 2% Ferrotitanium, 40-45%, a ton lots ........ 7.50¢ Spot %c higher per cent carbon,...... 103.00 jb, con. ti., f.0.b. Niag- + less-ton lots 7.75¢ 2% carbon, 108.00; 1%, 118.00 ara Falls. ton lots... $1.23 D0» 1e88 200 Ibs. 8.00¢ Zirconium Alloy, 12-15%, Contract ton price Do., less-ton lots .... 1.25 Spot, %c higher. contract, carloads, $12.50 higher; spot $5 20-25% carbon, 0.10 Tungsten Metal Powder, bulk, gross ton ...... $97.50 over contract. max., ton lots, Ib..... 1.35 oo A tg eRe reresieps 102.50 Ferretungsten, stand., Ib. Do, less-ton lots..... 1.40 spot shipment, -Ib. 34-40%, contract, car- por aerogenes: A Saet Se tlaner drum lots, lb. ....... $2.50 loads, Ib., alloy ..... 14.00¢ : Do., smaller lots , 2.60 Eh, SON MOTB. aca as cae 15.00¢ Ferrovanadium, 35 to Ferrocolumbium, 50-60%, Vanadium Pentoxid e, Do, less-ton lots ..... 16.00c 40%, 1b., cont.. .2.70-2.80-2.90 contract, Ib. con. col., contract, lb. contained $1.10 ~ , 1b. : pot %c higher Ferrophosphorus, gr. ton, f.o.b. Niagara Falls... $2.25 Do t 138 iit Powter c.l., 17-18% Rockdale, Do., less-ton lots ... 2.30 Chromium Metal, 98% ; . rv a gg ig Spot is 10c higher , %, 1.0.0. York, Pa. Tenn., basis, 18%, $3 cr., 0.50 carbon max., 200-Ib. kegs, Ib. ...... $2.60 unitage, 58.50; electro- Technical molybdenum contract, 1b. con, Do, 100-200 Ib. lots.. 2.75 lytic, per ton, c. 1., 23- trioxide, 53 to 60% mo- | ee a 84.00e Do, under 100-lb. lots 3.00 26% f.0.b. Monsanto, lybdenum, 1b. molyb. Do., spot Gy: . 89.00c Molybdenum Oxide Tenn., 24% $3 unitage 75.00 cont. f.0.b. mill 0.80 ggo% chrome, contract... 83.00c Briquets, 48-52% mo- Ferrochrome, 66-70 chro- Ferro-carbon-titanium, 15- LO Seer 88.00c lybdenum, per pound mium, 4-6 carbon, cts. 18%. ti., 6-8% carb.. Silicon Metal, 1% iron, contained, f.0.b. pro- lb., contained cr., del. carlots, contr., net ton. $142.50 contract, carlots, 2 x Gucers-Piant ..... 5%. 80.00c STEEL
—The Market Week—
WAREHOUSE STEEL PRICES
Base Prices in Cents Per Pound, Delivered Locally, Subject to Prevailing Differentials
Plates Struc- = Sheets Cold -— Cold Drawn Bars — Soft ¥%-in. & tural Floor Hot Cold Galv. Rolled SAE SAE Bars Bands Hoops Over Shapes Plates Rolled Rolled No. 24 Strip Carbon 2300 3100 ee eee 3.98 4.16 5.16 3.85 3.85 5.66 3.81 4.78 4.86 3.46 4.13 8.63 7.23 New York (Met.).. 3.84 3.96 3.96 3.76 3.75 5.56 3.58 4.60 5.23 $.51 4.09 8.59 7.19 Philadelphia ...... 3.85 3.85 4.35 3.55 3.55 5.25 3.55 4.55 4.75 3.51 4.06 8.56 7.16 Baltimore ........ 3.95 4.05 4.45 3.70 3.70 5.25 3.55 a 5.05 : 4.05 Norfolk, Va. ...... 4.15 4.25 3.90 3.90 5.45 8.75 i 5.40 ‘ 4.15 SS ee 3.35 3.82 3.82 3.62 3.40 6.40 4.20 4.40 4.50 3.42 3.75 8.15 6.75 Pittevuren ........ 3.35 3.60 3.60 3.40 3.40 5.00 3.35 4.75 3.35 3.65 8.35 6.95 Cleveland ......... 3.25 3.50 3.50 3.40 3.58 5.18 3.35 4.05 4.72 3.20 3.75 8.15 6.75 re . 38.43 3.43 3.68 3.60 3.65 5.27 3.43 4.50 4.84 3.40 3.80 8.45 7.05 Cincinnati ........ 3.60 3.67 3.67 3.65 3.68 5.28 3.42 4.37 4.67 3.45 4.00 8.50 7.10 See 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.55 3.55 5.15 3.35 4.30 4.85 3.50 3.75 8.15 6.75 Twin Cities ....... 3.75 3.85 3.85 3.80 3.80 5.40 3.60 4.95 5.00 3.83 4.34 8.84 7.44 Milwaukee ........ 3.63 3.73 3.73 3.68 3.68 5.28 3.48 4.43 4.98 3.54 3.88 8.38 6.98 es 3.62 3.72 3.72 3.47 3.47 5.07 3.38 4.32 4.95 3.61 4.02 8.52 7.12 Kansas City ....... 4.05 4.15 4.15 4.00 4.00 5.60 3.90 5.00 . 4.30 : ; Mempnis.........». 890 4.10 4.10 3.95 3.95 5.71 3.85 .: 5.25 p 4.31 Chattanooga ... .. 3.80 3.90 3.90 3.85 3.85 5.68 3.65 ; 4.40 F 4.39 Tulsa, Okla. ...... 4.44 4.54 4.54 4.33 4.33 5.93 4.24 ae 5.71 wi 4.69 Birmingham ...... 3.50 3.70 3.70 3.55 3.55 5.58 3.4 > ; £75 1.43 New Orleans ...... 4.00 4.10 4.10 3.80 3.80 3:75 3.85 7 4.80 5.00 4.60 Houston, Tex. ..... 4.05 6.20 6.20 4.05 4.05 5.75 4.20 ; §.25 a 4.00 4.00 5.35 3.40 3.50 5.75 3.95 6.50 4.75 5.75 Portland, Oreg..... 4.25 4.50 6.10 4.00 4.00 5.75 3.95 6.50 4.75 . 5.75 ; ; Los Angeles ...... 4.15 4.65 6.45 4.00 4.00 6.40 4.30 6.50 5.25 ; 6.60 10.65 9.80 San Francisco..... 3.50 3.70 6.00 3.35 3.35 5.60 3.40 6.40 5.15 ; 6.80 10.65 9.80 --S AE Hot-rolled Bars (Unannealed)—~ BASE QUANTITIES 1035- 2300 3100 4100 6100 Soft Bars, Bands, Hoops, Plates, Shapes, Floor Plates, Hot
1050 Series Series Series Series Rolled Sheets and SAE 1035-1050 Bars: Base, 400-1999 pounds, except 0-1999 pounds (hot rolled sheets only) in New York;
Boston ; iii 4 7.50 6.05 5.80 7.90 300-1999 pounds in Los Angeles; 400-39,999 (hoops, 0-299) in New York (Met.)... 4.04 7.35 5.90 5.65 oe San Francisco; 300-4999 pounds in Portland, Seattle: 400-14,999 Philadelphia ..... 4.10 7.31 5.86 5.61 8.56 pounds in Twin Cities; 400-3999 pounds in Birmingham. Baltimore ........ 4.10 aes wate eas maces Cold Rolled Sheets: Base. 400-1499 pounds in Chicago, Cin- Prerrorm, Va ....... ar ee ane eee + cinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Kansas City and St. Louis; 450-3749 in Boston: 500-1499 in Buffalo; 1000-1999 in Phila- EA escene 3.55 7.10 5.65 5.40 7.50 delphia, Baltimore; 300-4999 in San Francisco, Portland; any quan- PaeesoUurgn ........ 3.40 7.35 5.95 5.50 7.60 tity in Twin Cities; 300-1999 in Los Angeles. Cleveland ......... 3.30 7.30 5.85 5.85 7.70 ea gy Sst Sheets: ae. nag — hoa New York, 150-1499 eae) iP os eo ae : 5. 5. pounds in Cleveland, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Norfolk; oni con co ae wee as 150-1049 in Los Angeles; 300-4999 in Portland, Seattle, San Fran- iy aay : 3 , ‘ . cisco; 450-3749 in Boston; 500-1499 in Birmingham, Buffalo, Chi- Chicago ........... 3.70 7.10 5.65 5.40 7.50 cago, Cincinnati, Detroit, St. Louis, Tulsa; 1500 and over in Chat- Y tanooga, Philadelphia; any quantity in Twin Cities; 750-1500 in Twin Cities ... ... 3.95 7.45 6.00 6.09 8.19 P aeemeen bers Saerk a i Kansas City; 150 and over in Memphis. Milwaukee ....... 3.83 7.33 5.88 5.63 7.73 Cold Rolled Strip: No base quantity; extras apply on lots ee eee 3.82 7.47 6.02 5.77 7.87 of all size. = i = Cold Finished Bars: Base, 1500 pounds and over on carbon. Seattle ........... an ER 8.00 7.85 8.65 except 0-299 in San Francisco, 1000 and over in Portland, Seattle; Portland, Oreg. ... 5.70 8.85 8.00 7.85 8.65 1000 pounds and over on alloy, except 0-4999 in San Francisco. Los Angeles ...... 4.80 9.40 8.55 8.40 9.05 SAE Hot Rolled Alloy Bars: Base, 1000 pounds and over, except San Francisco..... 5.00 9.65 8.80 8.65 9.30 0-4999, San Francisco; 60-1999, Portland, Seattle.
CURRENT IRON AND STEEL PRICES OF EUROPE
Dollars at Rates of Exchange, Jan. 25
s 4 . . Export Prices f.o.b. Port of Dispatch— Domestic Prices at Works or Furnace— By Cable or Radio Last Reported Continental Channel or nate a R North Sea ports, chick nisi ; gross tons £sd Francs Francs §Mark British **Quoted in . . . - -~ . P pa 5 4 " “ , y 9 ? 5 § ) ) 2 _ Bross tons Quoted in gold pounds Fdy. pig iron, Si. 2.5. $21 ‘ , 8 O(a) S17. 81 $27.1 eae ° =f ® K. ports dollars at sterling Basic bess. pig iron 19.25 5 1 6 24.41 20 27.94 (b)69. 50 £sd_ current value £sd Furnace coke.. Ve a 5.09 225 10.51 10 7.64 \' foundry, 2.50-3.00Si... $23.94 6 00 $29.82 3 100 Billets....... 33.42 8 ¢ 5.58 1,13 29:3 860 8.79 6. 50 _— bessemer.. aa At ae 19.59 2 60 Standard rails. ... 1.8le 10 30 1.55¢ 1,545 2.06c¢ 1,375 2 38¢ 132 : 6 3 > _— ematite os. 3 Merchant bars 2.28c¢ 12 16 Of L.43c 1,434 O¢ I 1.98 110 Billets..... OE ER F UTS $31.95 3150 Structural! shapes 2.03c 11 8 OFF 1.40c 1,39 OF 1,37 1.9 107 Wire rods, No. 5 gage 45.39 11 76 61.34 7 40 Plates, t}4-in. or 5 mm.. 2.05c¢ 11 10 6Tt 1.82c 1,81 2.42 16 127 Standard rails......... $37.90 9100 $48.99 5 15 0 S} ioc ) ot 16 268 > 1Se 2.154% 7 95 1.9004 59 144t Merchant bars. . a 2.18c 12 $0 2.91c 7130 sap iiteralptartaecal oor Ee Oe ae + : tt ' Structural shapes. . L270 ae 2.0 2.92¢ 7 136 Sheets, zalv., corr., 24 a Plates, t#4 in. or 5mm. 2.1lc 11 17 6 3.75¢ 9176 ga. or 0.5 mm. 3.32c 18 12 6 2.85c 2,850 $.58c¢ 3,050 6.66¢ 370 meron black, 24 gage ae ss ; ‘ Plain wire....... 320c 18 OO 2.00c 2.000 3 Wx 2.000 2 ie 473 - 2.78c 15 12 6 3.52 rT sy . . “ a i - ‘ i ‘ a Sheets, eal., 24 ga. corr. 3 23 18 26 4 62 24 0 Bands and strips 2.4lc 15 11 OFF = 1.59e 1,588 2.18c 1,450 2.29¢ 1. Bands and strips...... 2 18c 12 50 2.77¢ 7 60 TtBritish ship-plates. Continental, bridge plates. §24 ga. tl to 3 mm. basic price Plain wire, base....... 3.47¢ 19 10 0 3. 04e § 00 NEL EI a FN NE I , ; Ren ae Galvanized wire, base. . 4.1l4c 23 5 0 3.6lc to 3.66¢ 910009 126 ritish quotations are for basic oper-hearth steel. Continent usually for basic-bessemer steel. Wire nails, base. 3.52c 9 50 (a) del. Middlesbrough. 5s rebate to approved customers. (b) hematite. °Close annealed. Tin plate, box 108 Ibs. $6.28 1116 ttRebate of 15s on certain conditions. British ferromanganese $100.00 delivered hilnatie wsteniah Siitialels **Gold pound sterling not quoted. §§I.ast prices, no current quotations.
January 29, 1940 73
Corrected to Friday night.
HEAVY MELTING STEEL Buffalo » WSO BEO0 BURBlO nw cece 17.50-18.00 Eastern Pa. ....... 23.00-23.50 Birmingham, No. 1. 16.50-17.00 Chicago 10.00-10.50 Chicago ........... 16.25-16.75 St. Louis, 14-3%”.. 17.50-18.00 30s. dock No. 1 exp. 15.00-15.50 Cincinnati, dealers.. 6.50- 7.00 Cleveland ......... 21.00-21.50 CaR WHEELS New Eng. del. No. 1 15.50 Cleveland, no alloy. 10.50-11.00 Pittsburgh ........ 22.00-22.50 Birmingham, iron .. 19.00-20.00 Buffalo, No. 1 . 17.00-17.50 Detroit ........ +7.50- 8.00 St. Louis . 16.00-16.50 Roston dist., iron . . +14.50-15.00 Buffalo, No, 2 . 15.00-15.50 pong Pa. IZUOCGRBO BOGTIO ..wsscrecce 18.00-18.50 Buffalo, steel ...... 21.50-22.00 Chicago, No. 1 16.50 ‘os Angeles _4.00- 5.00 eROGS. SWITCHES Chicago, iron ...... 17.00-17.50 Chicago, auto, no New York 7.00 7.25 eee 16.00-16.50 Chicago, rolled steel 18.50-19.00 alloy -.... 15.00-15.50 Fittsburgh ap tiees - e e 15.50-16.00 Cincin., iron, deal... 17.00-17.50 Chicago, No. 2 auto 13.00-13.50 St. Louis ..... 7.50- 8.00 Eastern Pa., iron .. 20.00-20.50 Cincinnati dealers 14.00-14.50 San Francisco 5.00 ARCH BARS, TRANSOMS : Eastern Pa., steel.. 22.00-22.50 Cleveland, No. 1 17.00-17.50 Toronto, dealers GO BU eee oe ca ces 15.50-16.00 Pittsburgh, iron . 19.50-20.00 Cleveland, No, 2 16.00-16.50 Valleys ....... 11.50-12.00 PIPE AND FLUES Pittsburgh, steel .. 23.00-23.50 Detroit, No. 1 -118.00-13-50 SHOVELING TURNINGS Chicago, net 11.00-11.50 St. Louis, iron ..... 16.75-17.25 : age mane Sse ‘ A. s : Serer : ; ae wei: ae ee 13.50-14.00 Cincinnati, dealers.. 11.00-11.50 St. Louis, steel .... 17.00-17.50 raste a., No. 7.50-18. mnie S ) Eastern Pa., No. 2 oe cen 10001050 RAILROAD GRATE BARS NO. 1 CAST SCRAP Federal, Il. .. 14.00-14.50 Gye aan te” 12.00-12.50 Birmingham ....... 16.00 te C1 > - 559 Chicago, spel, anal. 12.50-13.00 Gricago. net 10.50-11.00 Boston, No. 1 mach. 715.00-15.25 Granite City, R. R.. 15.00-15.50 Detroit ........ +9.50-10.00 OA TIE kar . J Granite City, No. 2. 14.00-14.50 pitts alloy-free 1400-1450 Cincinnati, dealers.. 9.00- 9.50 N. Eng. del. No. 2.. 14.00-14.50 Los Angeles, No. 1.. 16.00-16.50 AOE y ‘ eee as Easter Pa. ....... 15.00 N. Eng. del. textile 18.25-18.75 Los Angeles, No, 2.. 15.00-15.50 BORINGS AND TURNINGS New York .....412.00-12.50 Buffalo, cupola .... 17.00-17.50 L. A., No. 1 f.a.s. 17.00-18.00 For Blast Furnace Use ae 11.50-12.00 Buffalo, mach. . 18.00-18.50 be hn 30, 3 E08... eee nae «| haeaaee en embORe Cascaae, auto met. 1860-2080 2a a — we 5 + apc Cin ~ m ti, deale 5.00- 5.50 Birmingham ....... 15.00 er nig railroad net 14.00-14.50 Pitts., No, 1 (R. R.). 19.50-20.00 Cincinnati, dealers.. 5.00- 5. Sethi? ihehiies $9.80.20.00 Seago, railroad m oc eeae Pittsburgh, No. 1 18.50-19.00 Cleveland 11.00-11.50 report eh Pa No. 1 18,00-18.50 Chicago, neg a an nea Pittsburgh, No. 2 16.50-17.00 eg Pa, ro Sir ogy pach lll myerped ianein. wane, Bot 7 omy ig St. Louis, R. R. BAe Se tes 00- 5. at te in 2 5 oR an I , + a St. Louis, No. 2 14.50-15.00 New oy ee ¥7.00- 7.50 St. Louis, No. 2..... 15.00-15.5 ae ewoele, et rated San Francisco, No. 1 16.50-17.00 Pittsburgh 12.00-12.50 FORGE FLASHINGS gral . o_ Seen a. 16.00-16.50 San Francisco, No. 2 15.50-16.00 Toronto, dealers 6.00 Boston district #11.25-11.50 “ pom . 17.00-17.50 Seattle, No. 1 ..... 1650-1550 axtz TURNINGS RN areas as eves 15.00-15.50 rc. Avehies ...”.. 1550-1600 Toronto, dirs., No. 1 es 11.00 Buffalo 17.00-17.20 Cleveland 16.00-16.50 ithebareth wmpeli. ; 18.50-19.00 Valleys, No. 1 17.50-18.00° Boston district .... +9.50-10.00 Detroit ...... .» + -1200-1250 2) Eranciseo ” 35,50-16.00 COMPRESSED SHEETS Chicago, elec. a 2° nt eS yn yok. 16.50-17.00 oN es -_ 16.00-16.50 Buffalo, new one Se Se wee. ter... See, weewemar St. Louis, breakable 14.00-14.50 Chicago, factory 15.50-16.00 Terman he. 6.00- 6.50 Boston district +7.00 St. Louis agri. mach. 17.00-1 7.50 Chicago, dealers 14.00-14.50 RRS aa is ‘ : Chicago, heavy . 19.00-19.50 St. L., No. 1 mach... 17.50-18.00 Cincinnati, dealers.. 13.50-14.00 CAST TRON BORINGS =) LOW PHOSPHORUS San Francisco ..... 16.00-17.00 Cleveland 16.50-17.00 Birmingham tee 8.50 Toronto, No. 1. Detroit +13.50-14.00 Boston dist. chem... 79.00- 9.25 Cleveland, crops ... 22.50-23.00 mach., net dealers 15.50 E. Pa., new mat. 18.00 Buffalo 11.00-11.50 Eastern Pa., crops. . 22.00-22.50 :. P 00-14.50 Chicago .. 9.50-10.00 Pitts., billet, bloom, HEAVY CAST E. Pa., old mat. 14.00-14.! BUC 4 ait dist. break. .+15.00-16.00 Los Angeles 13.50-14.00 Cincinnati, dealers.. 5.00- 5.50 slab crops ...... 24.50-25.00 aac “ae set <i ap pp > “9 3 5()- Cleveland 11.00-11.50 ss s ew g , tee “UU-to. > Sen tae ce DRUGS Fs cise vin +7.50- 8.00 LOW PHOS. PUNCHINGS _—__ Buffalo, break ..... 15.00-15.50 ne no A etry FE. Pa., chemical 14.50-15.00 Buffalo .........-. 20.00-20.50 Cleveland, break, net 15.25-15.75 San. RESRCIERO ee Steer’ Waite +7.00- 7.50 Chicago ........... 19.00-19.50 Detroit, auto net... +15.50-16.00 — pea et tots .......... @00- 650 Cv@ané ......... 18.50-19.00 Detroit, break .....+11.00-11.50 BUNDLED SILEETS Toronto, dealers... 6.00 Eastern Pa. -. 22.50-23.00 Eastern Pa. ..... 18.00 Buffalo, No. 1 15.00-15.50 : Pittsburgh - 22.50-23.00 Los Ang., auto, net. 14.50 Buffalo, No. 2 13.00-13.50 RAILROAD SPECIALTIES —_ Seattle ............. 15.00 New York break. . .+14.50-15.00 Cleveland 13.50-14.00 Chicago ........... 18.25-18.75 Detroit ........... 713.75-14.25 pittsburgh, break .. 16.00-16.50 x z 3.50-17 ANGLE B: STEEL ha geo eae eee RAILS FOR ROLLING STOVE PLATE natn e > agli ap ery os 5 feet and over Birmingham 11.00 Toronto, dealers 9.75 ~~ —— bias oh 15.50-16.00 Birmingham ....... 17.50 ny OO “411.00-11.50 SHEET CLIPPINGS, LOOSE SPRINGS on enon eq BOSTON «+e sees eee 715.75-16.00 Buffalo 13.50-14.00 Chicago ....... 10.50-11.00 Buffalo ; 20.00-20.50 Chicago ....++. 18.50-19.00 Chicago, net ...... 9.00- 9.50 Cincinnati dealers 9.50-10.00 Chicago, coil 19.50-20.00 New York ........ +17.50-18.00 Cincinnati, dealers.. 9.00- 9.50 Detroit '9,25- 9.75 Chicago, leaf .. 18.00-18.50 Eastern Pa. . 21.50-22.00 Detroit, net ....... +9.00- 9.50 St. Louis 9.50-10.00 Eastern Pa. hi 23.00 Bt. Boule. ss .5.6.. 18.00-18.50 astern Pa. 15.00 Toronto, dealers 9.00 Pittsburgh - 23.00-23.50 = New York, fdy...... 13.00 St. Louis ...... 17.25-18.50 STEEL CAR AXLES St. Louis 11.50-12.00 BUSHELING STKE ss Birmingham ...... 19.00-20.00 7 Birmingham, No. 1 1400 Birmingham” '17.80-18.00 Boston district ....t16.00-16.50 Teronto — = _— Buffalo, No. 1 15.00-15.50 Buffalo 2900-2950 Chicago, net 20.50-21.00 amacreape 4 “_" — Chicago, No. 1 15.00-15.50 ‘ i : aan ppt Eastern Pa. re 22.00 Birming am, . os @ ea . = , Chicago (3 ft.) .. 19.00-19.50 — Ns = New England, del 20.00-21.00 Cincin., No. 1, deal. 11.50-12.00 is nin ome > ¢ Bt. MOUS ©. cen SB0HI9 OO: + uNngle , . a. Cincinnati, No, 2 5.00- 5.50 Chicago (2 ft.) 19.50-20.00 Buffalo wees. 1700-1750 ; -_ ag sees perige ‘incinnati, dealers. . 20.50-21. Thi 3 Cleveland, No, 2 11.50-12.00 on err gs dealers Rs ae 4 LOCOMOTIVE TIRES Chicago, R. R, ..... 18.50 19.00 Detroit, No. 1, new.t12.50-13.00 +; ie ee Chicago (cut) ..... 19.00-19.50 Cincin., agri., deal. . 14.00-14: halhonee ot ae ee ae Pitts., 3 ft. and less 23.00-23.50 * Nee fgets! Cleveland. rail _ 22.50-23.00 hg + ea l gn gett St. Louis, 2 ft. & less 19.50-20.00 St. Louis, No. 1 16.50-17.00 pashan Pa. RR. 21.50-22.00 a °° STEEL RAILS, SCRAP SHAFTING Los Angeles ....... 12.50 MACHINE TURNINGS (Long) Birmingham ....... 15.50 Boston district ....+18.50-18.75 Pittsburgh, rail .... 20.50-21.00 Birmingham 6.00 Boston district ....+14.00-14.50 New York ......... 718.00-18.50 St. Louis, R. R, .... 16.50-17.00 Ores Eastern Local Ore Swedish low phos. 14.00 Manganese Ore Including war risk but not
Lake Superior Iron Ore
Gross ton, 51% % Lower Lake Ports
Old range bessemer $5.25 Mesabi nonbessemer..... 4.95 High phosphorus ........ 4.85 Mesabi bessemer ........ 5.10 Old range nonbessemer.. 5.10
Cents, unit, del. E. Pa.
Foundry and basic
56-63%, contract. 9.00-10.00
Foreign Ore (Prices nominal) Cents per unit, c.i.f. Atlantic Manganiferous ore, 45-55% Fe., 6-10%
Mn, 14.00-15,00
North African low
ENCE Sn x clive Roatan 14.00 Spanish, No. African
basic, 50 to 60%.. 14.00 Chinese wolframite,
short ton unit,
5 fe rae $23.75-24.00 Scheelite, imp. ....$24.00-25.00 Chrome ore. 48%
gross ton, c.i.f. . .$26.00-28.00
duty, cents per unit cargo lots. Caucasian, 50-52%.. 48.00-50.00 So. African, 50-52% 48.00-50.00
Indian, 49-50% , nom Brazilian, 48-52%.. 46.00-48.00 Cuban, 50-51%, duty free 61.20 Molybdenum Sulphide conc., per lb., Mo. cont., mines =e $0.75 STEEL
—The Market Week—
Sheets, Strip
Sheet & Strip Prices, Page 70, 71
Pittsburgh—Sheet and strip speci- fications have moderated somewhat, and open spaces are beginning to appear in backlogs. Business is about 50 per cent of capacity. Sheet mills are operating near 75 per cent of total capacity, indicating active units are at 85 to 90. Some automotive inquiries have been re- ceived, but as yet there is little in- dication of the extent of spring purchases. Pressure for lower prices on automotive sheets so far has been slight.
Cleveland—Orders have made lit- tle progress toward catching up with shipments, but better business from automotive interests is in early prospect. Absorption of ton- nage remaining to be_ shipped against old commitments also will be followed by renewed buying on the part of many users, since con- sumption continues relatively active. Deliveries are improving steadily, with shipments still heavy.
Chicago — Sheet and strip buy- ing is steady but comparatively light. Heavier orders are looked | @ Shaft 57 feet long, largest diameter 11% inches, weight 17,300 pounds
for within the next two to three — forged and rough machined by Standard Steel Works Company. weeks. Automotive and farm equip- |
| | ment requirements continue substan- | tial. Additional automotive orders | are expected to be placed within a | few weeks. S
Boston—Narrow strip mill opera- | TANDARD 1S equipped to pro-
tions continue near capacity, with |
orders close to 65 per cent of ship- | d l f ‘ d ° ments. Demand, following recent uce stee orgings an castings improvement in buying, has leveled |
off. Although makers of automo- | of any size and shape to suit
bile parts are well stocked in many
instances, there has been some gain
in business from the automotive your requirements. eee The steel
trade. Sheet buying is slow, con- |
sumers and distributors operating : - ;
largely on inventories. | used in Standard’s forgings and New York — Specifications from
electric refrigerator manufacturers
are being stepped up, and in gen-
eral sheet consumption is still ac-
tive. Manufacturers’ stocks, as a :
ak aa ae teeta: Gitieny produced in our own furnaces
stocks, however, are fairly sizable.
Mill deliveries are easier at around under close metallurgical control.
four weeks in most cases, both with
respect to hot and cold-rolled sheets.
castings is acid open hearth,
Narrow cold strip demand has close to 65 per cent of shipments on books to hold production for sheet deliveries average arouna | THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE ORKS
leveled off, following recent slight improvement in buying. Orders are CASTINGS @© FORGINGS © WELDLESS RINGS ® WROUGHT STEEL WHEELS which are heavy. Mill operations | eee STANDARD STEEL WORKS CO logs are lower, enough tonnage is | <3 yt several weeks at least. | Subsidy of, } A I Philadelphia—Both hot and cold =
W THE BALDWIN four weeks. Where _ galvanized | sheets can not be had in stock, de- P H | L A D E L b H A
January 29, 1940 75
liveries are offered in about four to five weeks. Certain specialties are even more extended. Casket mak- ers, now at the height of their pro- duction season, are consuming con- siderable tonnage of long ternes, practically all against orders placed last fall, at which time deliveries were far extended. In general, sheet demand is a little more active; how- ever, shipments still substantially exceed orders.
Buffalo—The lag in buying so far had not had any serious effect on production. Heavier orders are ex- pected soon, with the automotive industry counted on for renewed purchasing early in February.
Cincinnati Sheet business is up to about 55 per cent of capacity, compared with shipments of 80 per cent or better. Automotive purchas- ing reflects heavy commitments made last quarter, but inquiries point to better buying in February and March.
St. Louis—-While producers have been cutting heavily into unfilled orders, production is maintained at the best rate in recent months. Deliveries are much freer, and there has been a moderate lag in specifi- cations from certain consumers. Some new bookings are reported, principally in enameling _ stock, black and galvanized.
Toronto, Ont.—-Sheets continue in
active demand. Shipments are heavy against contract but no sheets are available for spot ship- ment. Producers are confirming current prices to the end of the
quarter, but beyond March are stip- ulating price on delivery. First half bookings are heavy. Detroit—Ford Motor Co. is re- ported preparing to buy steel for 100,000 cars, probably placing or- ders next week. Orders have been light for several weeks, and while backlogs can sustain active mill operations a few more weeks, some concern is being expressed over failure of new business to develop, especially in sheets and strip. Re- ports circulated here of price con- cessions on certain sheet grades arose out of misinterpretation of the spread maintained by hand mills under continuous mill products.
Plates
Plate Prices, Page 70
Boston—-Plate buying is light and spotty, less-car-lot orders predomi- nating. Deliveries have improved and on more common widths of medium black plates are back to normal. Specified projects, includ- ing tanks, are few. Boiler and struc- tural shops buy in small lots only.
Railroads have not materially in- creased specifications, but shipbuild- ing requirements tend upward. Miscellaneous industrial orders are light.
Philadelphia—Orders are 50 to 60 per cent of shipments, with deliv- eries now available within a week to ten days in most cases. Ship releases are rather light. Pusey & Jones, Wilmington, Del., still are negotiating on about 5500 tons of steel for two maritime commission boats now on order. New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J., is figuring on two cruisers, on which bids close late this month and which require several thousand tons of steel.
San Francisco — No award has been made On 2000 to 5000 tons for a wind tunnel at Moffett Field, Calif., on which Consolidated Steel Corp. is low. Awards totaled 11,800 tons, bringing the aggregate to date to 12,180 tons, compared with 2678 tons for the same period a year ago. Bids are expected to be called for soon on 6000 tons for replacement work in connection with a Los Angeles aqueduct.
Toronto, Ont.—Inquiries are _ in- with mills booked well
creasing, forward. Specifications for ship plates are expected soon. Canadian
plants will not be able to handle all the orders on this account, and there now seems to be some doubt that any large tonnage will be available from Great Britain, thus most orders will go to the United States. Plate mills are operating at capacity.
Plate Contracts Placed
650 tons, three oil barges, afloat, Ohio river, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, to Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh.
Bars
Bar Prices, Page 70
Cleveland—Orders continue rela- tively light and are insufficient to prevent a further recession in back- logs. Delivery occasionally is a factor in placing spot business, but in most cases buyers have com- fortable inventories and are not pressing for shipment. Unfilled tonnages and active consumption point to a comparatively heavy
movement of bars through the quarter. Boston -— Leading consumers of
carbon steel bars continue to op- erate largely on inventories, and new buying is slow. Jobbers’ speci- fications are also lighter, ware- houses filling a substantial part of current demand. Consumption is well maintained, however. Dull- ness in alloys is less apparent, with
deliveries on some sizes and fin- ishes still close to six weeks. Ma- chine tool builders, forgers of small tools and airplane shops are active consumers of alloys.
Chicago-—- Bar production con- tinues heavy, but buying shows no improvement at about 50 per cent of shipments. Automotive and farm equipment requirements are out- standing. Little change in demand is thought likely until next month. Meanwhile deliveries are improv- ing as backlogs shrink.
New York—Most sellers of car- bon bars are quoting deliveries in about three weeks, schedules being generally better. Consumption con- tinues active and there is still pres- sure for shipment. Cold-drawn bars are available in three to four weeks, with schedules on alloy bars more extended.
Philadelphia Commercial bar shipments are now available from several mills in two or three weeks; certain sellers, however, still can- not do much under four to five weeks. Consumption is reasonably well sustained on practically all grades. Small forgers are busy in production of hand tools and other equipment, while most of the large forgers are well engaged in ship work.
Buffalo-— Backlogs provide the chief support to bar mill opera- tions. A few inquiries are appear- ing, but buying holds below ship- ments. Orders on hand and in prospect are expected to continue active production through the quar- ter.
FO Pipe Prices, Page 71
Pittsburgh — Pipe orders so far this month are close to the rate a month ago. Increased demand for oil country goods has offset declines in mechanical and pressure tubing and orders for standard pipe have reappeared after suspension during the inventory period. Unfavorable weather, restricting construction work, has affected standard pipe de- mand somewhat. Prices are steady except for occasional weakness in some resale markets.
Boston—Dullness in the building industry is reflected in slow de- mand for small-diameter steel pipe. Plumbing supply purchases are lim- ited to fill-in needs. Resale prices in some districts are subject to minor discounts. Cast pipe inquiry is down seasonally. While a few municipalities are beginning to esti- mate spring requirements, most small towns will not enter the mar- ket until after the town meeting
STEEL
period, when appropriations are made.
Cleveland—Business_ in_ tubular products is fairly active, being bet- ter sustained than in the average of other steel commodities. This situation reflects the absence of anticipatory buying last fall to the extent prevailing in bars, sheets, etc. Outstanding in oil company purchases is the placing of about 16,000 tons of 12%-inch pipe for an oil line to be laid in Illinois and Indiana for Sohio Pipe Line Co.
Seattle—Inquiries are developing slowly and no large projects are out. Seattle has received bids for 135 tons of 16-inch cast iron. Spokane is in the market, bids Feb. 1, for 200 tons of 36-inch cast iron pipe, valves, hydrants and 41,000 feet of copper service pipe. Heppner, Oreg., opened bids Jan. 27 for 4000 feet pre-calked cast iron pipe, alternate black steel pipe.
San Francisco —- Some improve- ment in demand for cast iron pipe is noted and movement of carload lots is normal. No awards of size were reported and so far this year 1027 tons have been placed as com- pared with 1755 tons for the corre- sponding period in 1939.
Steel Pipe Placed
16,000 tons, 12%-inch line pipe, 150-mile line between Stoy, Ill., and Hagers- town, Ind., for Sohio Pipe Line Co., subsidiary of Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, to National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, and Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland; Truman Smith Construction Co., El- dorado, Kans., and Sheehan Pipe Line Construction Co., Tulsa, Okla., general contractors.
Cast Pipe Pending
1000 tons, 6 to 12-inch, Phoenix, Ariz.; bids opened. 200 tons, 36 in. and fittings, Spokane,
Wash.; bids Feb. 1.
100 tons, 4 to 8 in., open bell, and fit- tings; bids to Adah Perry, clerk, Pasco, Wash., Feb. 1.
7 Wire Wire Prices, Page 71
Pittsburgh — Wire products are moving slightly better, although business continues behind Decem- ber. Releases of manufacturers’ wire are active, and nearness of the spring season is bringing some demand from buyers of merchant products. Considerable hope is held for heavy buying in farm areas thi spring, and automotive needs also are expected to be heavy. Ex- port demand has been good, but financing difficulties have deterred placing of some business.
Cleveland—Wire rod _ shipments still are receiving strong support
January 29, 1940
—The Market Week—
from sizable backlogs. Deliveries are improving on this product as well as on manufacturers’ wire and merchant items. Orders and pro- duction hold below December lev- els, with consumption relatively
brisk. Chicago— Buying of wire and wire products is spotty. Shipments
have been heavy and stocks of some consumers are sufficient to permit them to refrain from additional ordering for the present. Heavier
middle of February.
will help to prolong present opera- tions through next month. Auto motive and farm equipment inter ests provide the best source of cur rent demand. Boston — The wire buying has
trend in out, al
upward flattened
though recent moderate gains are maintained. New business is reach
ing mills at about 65 per cent of shipments, which are heavy. Speci-
fications against old orders are steady and demand is well diversi- fied. Rod producers are heavily booked. Orders for rope are im
HE Crankshaft Machine Company, Jackson, Michigan, builders of in- ternationally famous crankshaft lathes for the automotive industry, chooses
Ampco Metal for parts requiring a high degree of wear resist- ance and resistance to fatigue and impact—such as side plates for tool arm spacers and for thrust plates on tool arms.
This is another instance of the preference for Ampco Metal for extreme service parts. File 40 of Ampco Engineering Data Sheets will interest you — write for a copy.
AMPCO METAL, INC., Dept. SI-29, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
proved and specialties are moving well. Mill operations hold near ca- pacity Merchant products’ are slightly more active.
New York—Recent slight improve- ment in new wire buying is main- tained. Additional gains, however, are few and scattered, demand hav- ing leveled off. Shipments continue heavy and incoming business is ap- proximately 65 per cent of deliv- eries. Finishing operations are still near capacity in numerous depart- ments.
The $1 AMI
OF AN ELEPHA
nn — SINCE
DEPENDABLE -
Rails, Cars
Track Material Prices, Page 71
Award of 21 locomotives by the Chilean State Railways, 11 of nar- row gage, represents the largest ex- port purchase of locomotives in this country in considerable time. Ten standard gage locomotives of the heavy moutain type, went to Amer- ican Locomotive Co., New York, at more than $1,000,000; six passenger and five heavy mountain’ type
M!
The HEAVY construction and DEPENDABLE long life of a Roper Rotary Pump is comparable to the
“Giant of the Jungle’’ who moves
tremendous loads smoothly, quietly
. with strength that cannot be denied... upkeep and attention.
and with a minimum of
For day-after-day trouble-free per-
formance—you can’t beat Ropers. GEO. D. ROPER CORPORATION,
Rockford, Illinois with branches in
Pittsburgh and other principal cities
4 PUMPS
freight units went to Baldwin Loco- motive Works, Eddystone, Pa. The latter order amounted to $725,000.
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy will place its tenth Zephyr streamlined train in service early in 1940, now under construction by the Edward G. Budd Mfg. Co., Philadelphia. Two others are being planned for service between Ft. Worth, Tex., and Denver about midyear.
Car Orders Placed
General Chemical Co., 75 seventy-ton tank cars, to General American Trans- portation Corp., Chicago.
Car Orders Pending
Alaska Railroad, Seattle; two passenger coaches, 30 freight cars, 10 refrigera- tor, 10 flat cars; bids soon to purchas- ing agent.
Chief of army engineers, 30 freight cars; Greenville Steel Car Co., Greenville, Pa., apparently low on 24 box cars, Haffner-Thrall Car Co., Chicago, low on 6 flat cars.
Minneapolis & St. Louis, 10 covered hopper cars.
New York Central, 25 to 40 passenger cars; bids Feb. 6.
United States navy, one box car, one gondola, one or two flat cars, all 50 tons; bids Feb. 9. Bids Feb. 13 on one 12,500-gallon tank car.
Rail Orders Placed
Lehigh & New England, 1090 tons, 590 tons to Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, 500 to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
Reading, 4000 tons, divided equally be- tween Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa., and Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh.
Locomotives Placed
Chilean State Railways, 11 locomotives, including’ six passenger and _ five mountain-type freight, to Baldwin Lo- comotive Works, Philadelphia, ten mountain-type locomotives, to Ameri- can Locomotive Co., New York.
Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn., reported to have placed several diesel- electric locomotive with American Locomotive Co., New York.
Locomotives Pending
Alaska Railroad, Seattle; two steam lo- comotives, 800 class; bids soon to pur- chasing agent.
Tin Plate
Tin Plate Prices, Page 70
Tin plate demand shows little change, with production holding at 69 per cent. General line can speci- fications are a little heavier, and better releases have been received by mills. Export inquiry is active, and some orders have been closed. British mills have been able to keep up a fairly steady flow of plate to export markets. However, delivery difficulties may divert additional business to American producers.
STEEL
Shapes
Structural Shape Prices, Page 70
Pittsburgh — Inquiries are fairly active, although only small tonnages are for private work. Largest of new jobs is 4500 tons for the first unit of the new war department building, Washington. Heavier de- mand in connection with private construction is expected later this quarter.
Chicago -— Fabricated shape awards and inquiries are heavier, with a relatively large tonnage pending. Operations of fabricators are unchanged, but unless the recent upward trend in new projects con- tinues, some slackening in sched- ules is in prospect.
Boston — New construction work is small. Awards of structural steel are under 500 tons, including a 220-ton industrial project at Augusta, Me. Outstanding new in- quiry includes a group of buildings for the naval air station, Squan- tum (Quincy), Mass. Active bridge tonnage is light, Massachusetts closing Feb. 13 on five bridges, all small with the exception of one of medium size, Danvers-Peabody.
New York—Fabricated structural stee] bookings in 1939 totaled 1,305,- 049 tons, against 1,256,639 tons in 1938, the American Institute of Steel Construction reports. Last year’s shipments of 1,440,054 tons compare with 1,158,763 tons in 1938. Reporting only jobs of 100 tons or more, STEEL listed bookings totaling 1,165,386 tons last year.
Buffalo—Principal interest in the structural market was centered on the low bid submitted by C. B. Moon Co., Cleveland, on the 3000- ton grade crossing elimination pro- gram at Dunkirk, N. Y.
Seattle—Pending business is the smallest in several months. Un- stated Portland interests are report- ed to have been awarded 100 tons or more for four large transmission towers for the Bonneville power line.
Philadelphia—Awards are headed by 1500 tons for a local navy yard
Shape Awards Compared
Tons Week ended Jan. 27 ........ 15,880 Week ended Jan. 20 ...... 10,838 Week ended Jan. 13 ...... 17,013 This week, 1939 ............ 26,671 Weekly average, year, 1940.. 13,938 Weekly average, 1939 ...... 22,411 Weekly average, December.. 18,393 Total, to date, 1939 ........ 130,449 Total, to date, 1940 ........ 55,752
Includes awards of 100 tons or more.
January 29, 1946
—The Market Week—
building and 950 tons for a plant addition at Seaford, Del. Most of the larger pending jobs are public projects, the principal one being 5000 tons for a government build- ing, Washington.
San Francisco The structural market was active and 5683 tons were placed, bringing the aggregate to 8731 tons, compared with 6361 tons for the same period last year. Pending business is of heavy pro- portions and exceeds 56,500 tons.
St. Louis—Cold weather has vir- tually halted operations at fabri-
Large wood pickling tank, 18’ 4”
long, 3’ 9” wide and 9 7” deep,
built by Hauser-Stander Tank Com-
pany. Equipped with 74 tie-rods
weighing 2700 lbs., made from 1” hot rolled Monel,
Pickling tank manufacturers know that this enduring metal retains its strength despite corrosive attack
Most tie-rods can hold a tank when they’re new. But what happens when corrosion from strong pickling acids work on the rods a few months?
It’s the way Monel answers this question that accounts for its widespread use. Many owners have kept careful check on Monel rods they’ve used for years... and find small loss in weight with consequent re- tention of strength.
Rods, of course, are not the only use for Monel. It is equally practical for pickling crates, racks, chains and hooks. Fabricate it to any shape you need. Monel welds readily and the welds stand up.
cating yards. With new lettings light, the market is the quietest in many months. Fabricators’ back- logs are declining, with little busi- ness actively pending.
Shape Contracts Placed
3000 tons, Main street bridge, St. John’s river, Jacksonville, Fla., to Mt. Vernon Bridge Co., Mt. Vernon, O.
2000 tons, upper and lower lock gates, Kentucky dam, Gravel Switch, Ky., for Tennessee Valley authority, to American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh
1500 tons, air corps hangar No. 2 and annexes, Denver, for United States
Cross-sectional view of three tie-rods after al2-menth test in well-known steel sheet mill. Monel (left) is uniform through its whole diameter. The other two rods, while still unchanged in diameter, are weakened by a change
in their metal structure brought about by corrosion.
Get the facts on Monel, then decide. Let us send you two practical booklets: “Equipment Designs for the Pickle House” and “A Good Start to a Better Finish.”
THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC. 67 Wall Street New York, N. Y.
\ iNCON **Monel’’ is a registered trade-mark of The , International Nickel Company, Inc., which is applied tofa nickel alloy containing approxi
mately two-thirds nicke! and one-third copper
(9
government, to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa
i500 tons, building, navy yard, Phila- delphia, to American Bridge Co., Pitts- burgh, through Hughes-Foulkrod Co., Philadelphia
1100 tons, bridge FAP-324-B (1), Wood- ward county, Oklahoma, to Capitol Iron & Steel Co., Oklahoma City.
1050 tons, naval depot magazines, Haw- thorne, Nev., to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
950 tons, plant addition, Seaford, Del., to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa
725 tons, highway project RC 4091, in- cluding grade separations, West Point Military reservation—Cornwall, New York, to American Bridge Co., Pitts-
—The Market Week—
burgh; Lane Construction Co., Meriden, Conn., general contractor, $757,050.65.
700 tons, extensions, Columbia Steel Co., Pittsburg, Calif., to American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh.
550 tons, bottling plant for Hudepohl Brewing Co., Cincinnati, to Bethle- hem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa., through J. & F. Harig Co., Cincinnati, general contractor.
407 tons, reservoir, Fryo Lake dam, Lan- der, Wyo., to unnamed interest.
310 tons, bearing piles, Consolidated Aircraft Co. plant extension, San Diego, Calif., to Columbia Steel Co., San Francisco.
303 tons, postoffice, Covington, Ky., to West Virginia Rail Co., Huntington, W. Va., through A. Farnell Blair, At-
Siete... Yor
... AND SOMETHING MORE
>
One call for information will prove your nearby Armco Distributor is far more than an order-taker. He knows sheet metal; he can be of exceptional service in helping you select the right metal for the right purpose. And supporting him are complete research facilities of The American Rolling Mill Company.
Your Armco Distributor has ample stocks of iron and steel
sheets, including galvanized ARMCo
Ingot Lron. Many also carry ARMCO Stainless Steel and Armco PaInt- Grip—the galvanized sheet that takes and holds paint.
If you don’t know the nearby Armco Distributor, use this oppor- tunity to get acquainted. Write us for his address. Then you'll have a top-notch source for quick delivery of the kind of sheet metal you need. The American Rolling Mill Co., 921 Curtis St., Middletown, Ohio.
lanta, Ga., general contractor.
275 tons, bridge No. 511-A, for Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway, to Beth- lehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
240 tons, Lerner Dress Shops building, St. Louis, to Ingalls Iron Works, Birmingham, Ala.
225 tons, addition to building, for Ken- nebec Pulp & Paper Co., Augusta, Me., to Lyons Iron Works Inc., Manchester, N. H.
185 tons, extension to open-hearth build- ing, for Pittsburgh Crucible Steel Co., Midland, Pa., to Pittsburgh Bridge & Iron Works, Rochester, Pa.
160 tons, rebuilding upper dam, Apple- ton, Wis., for United States govern- ment, to Wisconsin Bridge & Iron Co., Milwaukee.
140 tons, addition, California Portland Cement Co., Colton, Calif., to Bethle- hem Steel Co., Los Angeles.
130 tons, crane runway, for Republic Steel Corp. at Warren, O., to American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh.
115 tons, Cuthbert road bridge, Camden county, New Jersey, to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
110 tons, bridge FAP-22, Dallas county, Texas, to Austin Bros., Dallas.
105 tons, state highway bridge, WPSO- SS-39-25, Albany county, N. Y., to Lackawanna Steel Construction Co., Buffalo; Mullson Construction Co., Buf- falo, contractor, $51,174, bids Dec. 28, Albany.
100 tons naval base, Sitka, Alaska, to Standard Steel Fabricating Co., Seattle; materials by Columbia Steel Co., San Francisco.
Shape Contracts Pending
16,595 tons, Pitt river bridge, Central Valley Project, California; American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh, low.
5000 tons, building, war department, Washington, bids Feb. 9; approximate- ly 1000 tons of reinforcing bars also required.
3000 tons, grade crossing elimination, Dunkirk, N. Y.; C. B. Moon Co., Cleve- land, low on general contract.
1500 tons, Dookers Hollow bridge, Bes- semer, Pa., for Allegheny county.
1300 tons, dam trash racks, bureau of reclamation special occasion bid 891, unstated Texas location, Stupp Bros. Bridge & Iron Co., St. Louis, low bid- der.
1200 tons, building 2, Willowbrook, N. Y.; for state.
1116 tons, Illinois state highway bridges; low bidders: Joseph T. Ryerson & Son Inc., Chicago, 735 tons; American Bridge Co., Pittsburgh, 141 tons, Fort Pitt Bridge Works, Pittsburgh, 170 tons; A. F. Anderson Iron Works, Chicago, 70 tons.
1000 tons, housing project, Gary, Ind.
1000 tons, trash racks and stop logs, invitation 694-40-123, Bonneville dam, Oregon; bids Feb. 16.
900 tons, piling, Chicago park district, Chicago.
770 tons, state bridge, West Salem, IIl.
595 tons, also 75 tons plates, superstruc- ture for underpass of Santa Fe and Union Pacific railroads, Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles county, Calif., for state; bids Feb. 8.
500 tons, naval storehouse, Jacksonville, Fla., bids asked.
441 tons, and 8&7 tons plates, railroad undercrossing, Denver and Adams county, Colorado, for state; general contract to A, S. Horner, 575 South Downing street, Denver.
400 tons, plant addition, Cellulose Corp.,
STEEL
Amcelle, Md., bids asked.
290 tons, state bridges, Battle Creek, Mich.
270 tons, steel sheet piling, Puget Sound navy yard quay; General Construction Co., Seattle, general contractor.
250 tons, hangar and office building, Portland, Oreg., United Air Lines Transport Corp.; Reimers & Jolivett, Portland, Oreg., low on general con- tract at $87,583.
236 tons, underpass, Polhemus street, San Jose, Calif., for state; Earle W. Heppel, 494 Delmas avenue, San Jose, Calif., low on general contract at $130,- 497.
210 tons, additional catenary bridges, Winnetka, IIll., grade separation.
205 tons, bridge 410, Tama, Iowa, for Chicago & North Western railroad. 200 tons, addition to plant, for Mohawk
Paper Mills Inc., Cohoes, N. Y.
190 tons, state bridge, Pinckneyville, Il.
175 tons, truss bridges, state of Mis- souri.
165 tons, municipal airport hangar, Youngstown, O., for treasury depart- ment.
165 tons, manufacturing building, for American Sales Book Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y.
165 tons, library, for Julius Forstmann, Passaic, N. J.
160 tons, playground burgh, for city.
155 tons, state bridge, Lombard, Ill.
150 tons, overpass, North Bethlehem township, Pennsylvania, for state.
150 tons, Atlantic county tuberculosis hospital, Atlantic City, N. J., bids Feb. 14,
144 tons, rebuild Fox river dam, Apple- ton, Wis.
135 tons, state bridge, route 113, Wash- ington county, Pennsylvania, bids opened Jan. 26.
125 tons, store building, W. T. Co., Denver.
120 tons, beam spans, Espanola, N. M.
115 tons, Thomas A. Edison bridge, Rari- tan river, Sayreville-Woodbridge, N. J., contract 6, PWA project 1331-F, route 35, section 14, Middlesex county, New Jersey; bids Feb. 9, Trenton, E. Donald Sterner, state highway commissioner.
110 tons, women’s’ gymnasium, for Iowa State college, Ames, Iowa.
building, Pitts-
Grant
Reinforcing
Reinforcing Bar Prices, Page 71
Pittsburgh — Housing projects dominate concrete bar awards and inquiries. The latter are more plen- tiful than orders. Backlogs still are fairly heavy. Prices are firm on new billet bars, although some rail bar contracts are said to have brought a little less than published prices.
Chicago—Award of 7500 tons for the west substructure of the local filtration plant is expected shortly, general contract having been placed with Michael Pontarelli & Son here. Pending tonnage continues fairly heavy. Orders are headed by 667 tons for a Chicago subway section.
New York—Reinforcing steel buy- ing lags, small lots predominating,
January 29, 1940
—The Market Week—
although recent purchases include close to 2000 tons for housing proj- ects in northern New Jersey. In- quiry is gradually mounting, pend- ing requirements for highways and bridges being slightly higher. Price shading crops out on larger trans- actions.
Philadelphia — While reinforcing bar awards are light, 1000 tons is pending for the war department building in Washington, D. C., bids Feb. 9; 150 tons of road mesh for several miscellaneous Pennsylvania state projects, bids Jan. 26; and 100
tons Hoverter housing project, Har- risburg, Pa., bids Feb. 5.
San Francisco—Awards aggregat ed 1567 tons and brought the total for the year so far to 6624 tons, com- pared with 10,252 tons for the cor- responding period in 1939.
Seattle—Several post offices and other public buildings, up for figures in the immediate future, involve small tonnages of reinforcing bars. Larger projects are in prospect but will not call bids for 60 days or more. Meanwhile rolling mill backlogs are diminishing. Unstated Seattle inter
FROM ORE TO METAL
The Story of St. Joe Electro-Thermic Zinc No. 11 of a Series
CASTING ST.
At the rate of once every hour during the twenty-four hours of the day and night, the ladle in this picture is filled with 1400 pounds of molten zinc tapped from each of the continuous vacuum type condensers developed for the electro-thermic furnaces at Josephtown.
Each ladle represents a “lot’’, indicated by a number stamped on every slab, and for each lot
a laboratory control sample is taken and analyzed.
Josephtown produces High Grade, Intermediate, and Prime Western grades of zinc. The only concentrates treated by the smelter come from the New York State mines of the St. Joseph Lead Company. This means a constant quality of furnace charge, and a very uniform quality
sT.
27S3CO PARE AVEW US ¢
PLANT AND LABORATORY
JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY
REW FORE
Eldorado 5-3200
PENNSYLVANIA
COUNTY
JOSEPHTOWN, BEAVER
ests have taken 100 tons in Wash- ington state building and paving jobs. Business pending includes 130 tons for a quay at Puget Sound navy yard, general contract to General Construction Co., Seattle.
Reinforcing Steel Awards
667 tons, subway, section D-6-B, Chicago,
to Inland Steel Co., Chicago; Minder Construction Corp., contractor. 555 tons, naval ammunition buildings,
Hawthorne, Nev., to Columbia Steel Co., San Francisco,
154 tons, mesh, highway 4088, Flat Brook-Massachusetts
project RC line,
—The Market Week—
Columbia county, New York, to Ameri- can Steel & Wire Co., New York; Lane Construction Co., Meriden, Conn., con- tractor, $324,330.80; bids Dec. 6, Albany; award of 140 tons reinforc- ing bars to Truscon Steel Co., Youngs- town, O., previously reported.
357 tons, mesh, highway project RC 4086, Vestal-Binghamton highway, Broome county, New York, to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; Warren’ Bros. Roads Co., Cambridge, Mass., con-
tractor, $418,587.65; bids Dec. 6, Al- bany; award of reinforcing bars to same fabricator previously reported.
285 tons, mesh, highway project RC 4091, West Point Military Reservation, Corn- wall, N. Y., to American Steel & Wire Co., New York; Lane Construction Co., Meriden, Conn., general contractor,
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
lo nedluce yore come
If your product requires deep drawn shapes or shells you can probably save time and money by utilizing Hackney’s unique de- signing, engineering and manufacturing facilities. Many manufacturers have bene- fited by the Pressed Steel Tank Company’s more than 35 years’ experience in the devel- opment and production of special shapes and containers for gases, liquids and solids.
This organization pioneered the cold drawing of seamless containers from metal plates. Where welding is desirable, the
Hackney method has won recognition for its superiority. Positive control of heat- treating, X-ray inspection of welding and numerous other Hackney procedures per- mit the production of better, more depend- able products at lower cost.
Let Hackney engineers help you develop new shapes or shells or improve on those now being used. There is no obligation and it may mean big savings.
Just send the details—or write for addi- tional information.
3 PRESSED STEEL TANK COMPANY
208 S. La Salle St., Rm. 1211, CHICAGO 688 Roosevelt Building, LOS ANGELES
1387 Vanderbilt Concourse Bldg., NEW YORK 1461 S. 66th Street, MILWAUKEE
oy te eA ed
$757,050.25; bids Dec. 28, Albany; award of 240 tons reinforcing bars, to Truscon Steel Co., Youngstown, O., previously reported.
155 tons, viaduct near Los Gatos, Santa Clara county, Calif., for state, to Gil- more Fabricators Inc., San Francisco.
150 tons, Thomas Jefferson housing, Paducah, Ky., to Laclede Steel Co., St. Louis; George W. Katterjohn, con- tractor.
140 tons, Abe Lincoln housing, Paducah, Ky., to Laclede Steel Co., St. Louis; McCarthy Construction Co., contrac- tor.
128 tons, mesh, highway project RC 2579, Hoosick-North Hoosick highway, Rensselaer county, New York, to Pitts- burgh Steel Co., Pittsburgh; Alaimo & Son, Pittston, Pa., contractor, $120,- 025.50; bids Dec. 6, Albany.
120 tons, procurement invitation 21441, Minneapolis, to Truscon Steel Co., Youngstown, O.
112 tons, army air corps technical school and hangar, Chanute field, Rantoul, Ill., to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.
108 tons, 25 field officers and 143 com- pany quarters, Hickam Field, T. H., Invitation 6812-40-46, to Bethlehem Steel Co., San Francisco.
100 tons, paving and Buckley, Wash., to interests.
school, Seattle
custodial unstated
Reinforcing Steel Pending
7500 tons, west substructure, city filtra- tion plant, Chicago. Michael Pontarelli & Son, Chicago, general contractor.
1000 tons, building, war department, Washington, bids Feb. 9; approximate- ly 5000 tons of structural steel also required.
600 tons, housing project, Gary, Ind.
600 tons, power house, for Dupont Co., Clinton, Iowa.
570 tons, 600-man barracks, invitation 6812-40-60, Hickam Field, T. H.; Robt McKee 4700 San Fernando Road, Los Angeles, low on general contract.
Highland avenue and Pil- grammage avenue bridges, Los An- geles; J. E. Haddock, Ltd., 357 North Chester avenue, Pasadena, Calif., low on general contract at $760,570.
400 tons, Dutch Point Colony housing, Hartford, Conn.; bids Jan, 25.
400 tons, substructure, East river houses, New York; bids Feb. 1.
364 tons, Thomas A. Edison bridge, Raritan river, Sayreville-Woodbridge, N. J., contract 6, PWA project 1331-F, route 35, section 14, Middlesex county; bids Feb. 9, Trenton, N. J., E. Donald Sterner, state highway commissioner;
522 tons,
Concrete Bars Compared
Tons Week ended Jan. 27 ........ 3,331 Week ended Jan. 20 ........ 6,036 Week ended Jan. 13 ........ 8,125 This week, 1939 ............ 23,077 Weekly average, year, 1940.. 7,410 Weekly average, 1939 ........ 9,197 Weekly average, December ... 4,600 POtal to Gate, 1050 .....2.005- 58,945 Total to date, 1940 ........... 29,641
Includes awards of 100 tons or more.
STEEL
work also takes 330,659 linear feet reinforcement trusses.
300 tons, wind tunnels, Wright Dayton, O.; bids Jan. 25.
300 tons, housing project, McKees Rocks, Pa.; W. F. Trimble & Sons, low.
221 tons, railroad undercrossing, Denver and Adams county, Colorado, for state; general contract to A. S. Horner, 575 South Downing street, Denver.
280 tons, Lyman Terrace _ housing, Holyoke, Mass.; bids Jan. 23.
200 tons, building, Narragansett Electric Co., Providence, R. I.
175 tons, housing project, Toledo, O.; J. H. Berkbile, low.
175 tons, highway project, route 29, sections 3B, 1C and 2C (widening), 49,500 square yards, 10-inch reinforced concrete pavement, Union county, New Jersey; bids Feb. 9, Trenton, N. J., E. Donald Sterner, state highway com- missioner.
150 tons, power house, Illinois, Urbana, Ill. 150 tons, road mesh, several miscellane- ous state projects, Pennsylvania, bids
opened Jan. 26.
130 tons, quay- wall, Puget Sound navy yard, Washington; General Construc- tion Co., Seattle, general contractor.
130 tons, grade elimination, Dunkirk, is Pe
100 tons, viaduct and footbridge, Stoning- ton, Conn.; A. I. Savin Construction Co., low.
100 tons, signal corps laboratory, Ft. Monmouth, N. J.
100 tons, Hoverter housing project, Har- risburg, Pa., bids Feb. 5.
100 tons, highway project, route 6, sec- tions 11B and 12A, (paving), 27,500 square yards, 10-inch reinforced con- crete pavement, Essex-Morris coun- ties, New Jersey; bids Feb. 9, Trenton, N. J., E. Donald Sterner, state highway commissioner.
field,
University of
Pig Iron
Pig Iron Prices, Page 72 :
Cleveland — Sustained movement of foundry coke indicates a steady iron melt. Pig iron shipments are off from the December rate but ap- pear to be Jess active than con- sumption, with the difference ac- counted for by curtailment of stocks accumulated last quarter. Buving is slow, reflecting previous coverage.
Chicago — Shipments have de- clined further. A decrease of close to 30 per cent, compared with De- cember is indicated. Sellers attrib- ute most of the decrease to stee! mill requirements, which have been lessened both because of curtailed operations and increased percent- age of scrap use. Stocks of iron in consumers’ hands also contribute to lower shipments. Buying is de- cidedly light. Foundry operations are fairly steady, as indicated by a Slight increase so far this month in by-product foundry coke _ ship- ments compared with December.
New York — Specifications are spotty, although there is some im-
January 29, 1940
—The Market Week—
provement in the melt and sellers anticipate better buying in Febru- ary. Most consumers are working on tonnage either in stock or on contract. Export inquiry is more lively, although few outstanding purchases have developed. Most inquiry is from Scandinavia. Philadelphia—Livelier export de- mand is noted, particularly from Seandinavian countries. There is also a new inquiry from India for special iron. Purchases, however, are light. Meanwhile, domestic ac-
O LOAD
too
for
tivity is somewhat
Buffalo—Production is sustained and fairly active, but possibility of a recession is seen unless steel- works’ requirements improve. Re- leases from foundries are in good volume, with leading jobbing plants melting five days a week. Some foundries have fairly large inven- tories, but in the aggregate no ex-
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There’s
no roller-bearing application in
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that is too severe for the American Super Heavy Duty.
The ‘Super’
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it operates smoothly and flawlessly,
reducing friction to the minimum. Let the specialized skill and ex- perience of American Bearing en- gineers show you how this super bearing will save you grief and
money in your next
bearing installation.
THE AMERICAN ROLLER BEARING CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.
heavy-duty
Pacific Coast Office: 321 W. Pico St., Los Angeles, Calif.
| Behind the Scenes witk STEEL |
Dog House Comfort
@ In Cleveland last week 300 exhibitors in the Sixth Interna tional Heating and Ventilating exposition filled the underground exhibition hall to capacity and drew a restricted crowd of close
to 40,000 interested visitors, in-
cluding the old dog, who was at-
tracted mostly by the super deluxe
air-conditioned dog house on dis- play by Bryant heater. Perhaps some of you gentlemen have oc- casion to use such a handy con- traption quite frequently also. It’s a dandy.
Sad But True
@ And in Chicago the night spots outdid themselves to amuse the convening National Canners. One jernt, known locally as the El Dumpo, burst forth in print with this sort of thing: “Hominy of you Canners have Bean to El Dumpo? We know you Can Can, but not like our Peaches Can Can-Can! So Turnip today! Our Currant Show may be Cor- ney but if it doesn’t Peas you we don’t Carrot all because we don’t pay much Celery!” A few weeks ago another of their classics read: Bring Your Wife, or a reasonable facsimile there
of!
Old One
@ As soon as he got last Mon day’s issue, V. E. Slater of Cleve land Crane hopped on the phone to give us the correct answer (9 miles) to the problem of the walled city and thereby cop the free Yearbook. But when Tues day’s mail brought so many more honest efforts we just had to break down and scatter a few other copies around to the deserv- ing. F. W. Seper (Colorado Fuel & Iron) mysteriously ar rived at an answer of 20 miles, which must be some other city.
New One
@ H. G. Taylor, the Diamond Chain & Mfg. flash who was born with a mathematics book
under his arm, wants to donate this one: A second-hand cloth- ing merchant answering to the name of Cohen, bought 147 gar- ments at a bargain, including coats at $2.45 each, pants at 98 cents, and vests at 49 cents, for a total outlay of $147.00. Now Cohen seldom gets gypped, so how many of each kind of gar- ment did he buy to get the great- est number of complete, three piece suits? Mr. Taylor didn’t give us the answer so we're counting on you.
Dis Is Data
@ Sixty per cent of the entire manufacturing volume in_ the United States is accounted for by 1800 companies, according to the department of commerce. With about 160,000 establish- ments all together, that means more than half the business in the country is done by less than 12 per cent of the total concerns. Hey, Miss Jones, wake up and take a survey!
Confucius Say:
@ Man who sit on tack, better off. (The only clean one we
know ).
60,000 Nuggets
@ We didn't mention it last week but we hope you, too, like our new front cover masthead design as much as we do. You know, all joking aside, you would really be impressed if you could spend a few days around here and get an idea cf the amount of thought and work that goes into each one of these issues that arrives so matter-of- factly on your desk each week. The way you—dear reader—are worried about and thought of is enough to cause a tear to drap. Your boss may turn the heat on, your wife may put you in the air-conditioned dog house and your kids may devil the life out of you, but to us, dear, dear reader, you're king. Have a ci-
gar!
»*
SHRDLU
cessive accumulation of iron is
noted. Cincinnati—-Shipments have tapered somewhat, compensated
partly by reduction in foundry stocks, since the melt is well sus- tained. A seasonal shrinkage is appearing in operations of certain foundries, with automotive demand for castings less active. Jobbing and machine tool needs are steady.
St. Louis—January shipments are expected to be 10 to 15 per cent below December. Consumption at jobbing foundries has declined, but operations of steelworks, machine shops and the farm equipment in- dustry are well sustained. Pig iron buying is light, with a pickup ex- pected about the middle of Feb- ruary.
Toronto, Ont.—-Merchant pig iron sales show little change. Most melters still are well stocked. Bookings this quarter are well be- low those of closing months of 1939. Spot sales are for lots up to 200 tons. Prices are quoted as at delivery date and nothing is definite as to future quotations.
Scrap
Scrap Prices, Page 74
Pittsburgh Prices are firmer and brokers are finding it increas- ingly difficult to cover short or- ders at recent levels. Mill buying outside the district is reported at $19 to $19.50 for No. 1 steel, al- though in buying for local accounts brokers have not gone much above $18.50. The weather has been a strengthening factor, cutting down preparation and shipment. Resump- tion of normal movement over the rivers is likely to be deferred for 30 days. Foundry scrap demand is better, with prices of cast grades stronger.
Cleveland——Cold weather restricts scrap preparation and _ shipment, though some tonnage is moving on contracts, most orders are well cov- ered. Prices are nominally un- changed here and in the Valley.
Chicago—Prices are substantially unchanged, but recent signs of strength have almost entirely van- ished, except that there has been insufficient trading beliw $16.50 to etablish a price range on No. 1 steel. This figure still represents the last mill purchase and also the price generally received by dealers. Brokers are not anxious to do busi- ness at this level.
Philadelphia—While the market in general is easy, scrap in eastern Pennsylvania presents a mixed situ- ation, particularly in melting steel. Recently Bethlehem Steel Co.
STEEL
bought 1500 tons of No. 1 and No. 2 steel, principally the former, at $17 and $16, delivered, respectively (not local scrap, it was said), while the Reading railroad was able to get more than $18, delivered, along its line.
Another’ eastern Pennsylvania mill (Coatesville) bought some No. 1 and No. 2 steel at $17.50 and $16.50, although total tonnage was not large, it is understood.
Buffalo —- A steadier tone has ap- peared, partly because the prolonged cold has restricted supplies. Anoth- er factor is a $1 increase in the bid of a leading consumer who previous- ly had been offering well below the current range of $17 to $17.50 for No. 1 steel. Steelworks’ stocks have been reduced by recent active ingot production.
Detroit—The market is marking time, awaiting decision of mills to buy. They, in turn, are trying to determine whether the current slump in steel buying will be of long duration. At the moment, sen- timent is pessimistic and opinion is that steel production may be re- duced sharply within the next month. Prices are unchanged.
Cincinnati—Prices are unchanged, although most items, except heavy melting steel, are softer. Recent railroad lists brought slightly less than a month ago. Consumer buy- ing is light, but shipments against contracts are steady. Severe weath- er has curtailed yard activity.
St. Louis — The market again is quiet, following a recent sale of 10,000 to 12,000 tons of No. 2 steel. Yard operations have been at a vir- tual standstill, the result of the cold- est weather in 15 years. Shipments are unusually light, and with con- sumers obliged to draw on reserves, they will shortly be in need of more material.
Seattle —- Uncertainty over the trade treaty with Japan has not re- acted as unfavorably as expected, commercial relations § continuing. Japan is placing orders for small tonnages of scrap but exporters find it difficult to obtain space, latest freights quoted for full cargoes, free in and out, being $11.25 while berth lines are asking $11 to $13. No. 1 ex- port is quoted at about $16 here. Rolling mills are out of the market, a small sale to a local mill being reported at $14.
San Francisco—While scrap prices are unchanged the tendency is to- wards lower levels, which are ex- pected to develop next month. Due to scarcity of bottoms movement of export material to Japan continues slow. It is reported that one inter- est is loading material now on back orders at $21 a gross ton, f.ass., while current quotations hold at $17 to $18 for No. 1 heavy melting steel.
January 29, 1940
—The Market Week—
Dealer prices, delivered yard, on No. 1 heavy melting steel continue to hold at $13.50 to $15.
Toronto, Ont.—Prices are firm, with business somewhat listless. Dealers state mills are taking all steel scrap offered and there is good movement on this account, while foundries and other con- sumers of iron scrap show little interest. No scrap is coming from rural districts, dealers depending on local sources of supply. Yards, however, are fairly well stocked.
Warehouse
Warehouse Prices, Page 73
Chicago—Sales continue active, a slight increase being noted since earlier this month. January busi- ness will be off possibly 5 per cent from December. Improvement is
expected about the middle of Feb- ruary and continuing into March. Philadelphia— Business is off sub- stantially from December, but ware- houses look for better demand in February. March and April will be the best months of the year, if the usual trend prevails. Buffalo—Severe weather has af- fected business adversely, but the Slackening is regarded as_ tempo- rary. Prices are steady. Cincinnati—Warehouse stocks are heavier. Sales are in good volume but below November or December. Prices and extras are unchanged. St. Louis—-The prolonged period of severe weather has tended to curtail sales. Some seasonal] items are moving well, but activity in ad- jacent oil fields has been reduced materially. Seattle— Volume of sales is season- ally normal but will gain momentum
eld a ile : ation j-Tenst 1 eat jinform trodes: ..q Elec PAGE er pi-Tensi ed eas, ful "Pad elec i elding zed de wt this } ea othe ALITY in Lay Pier ives Tetent welder, pined VET ts oF puy ACC fn Fence; & ody Ys ines ire Fene strendt a ports, a trodes, PO” eadinye Cul jdles$ ec! on without be kin@, on is hee Wire pbell Apided one oes d Tro porosity Bi-T nsil xceptio iy Wy Ameren ht Hoists . " nnsvtv ANIA bios“ yunning: It fits Swat - ON’ mONESSEN: nook and |g} vertical R pivisi fal spatter “porizonte” well on E STE
wane
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AMERICAN CHAIN DIVISION © AMERICAN CABLE DIVISION @ ANDREW C. CAMPBELL DIVISION © FORD CHAIN BLOCK DIVISION * HAZARD WIRE ROPE DIVISION @ HIGHLAND IRON AND STEEL DIVISION @ MANLEY MANUFACTURING DIVISION © OWEN SILENT SPRING COMPANY, INC. @ PAGE STEEL AND WIRE DIVISION @ READING-PRATT & CADY DIVISION © READING STEEL CASTING DIVISION @ WRIGHT MANUFACTURING DIVISION @!N CANADA, DOMINION CHAIN COMPANY, LTD. © IN ENGLAND: BRITISH WIRE PRODUCTS, LTD. © THE PARSONS CHAIN COMPANY, \TD. « In Business for Your Safety
85
Greater Tonnage
Per Edge of Blade
Cy
AMERICAN SHEAR KNIFE CO.
HOMESTEAD - PENNSYLVANIA
86
—The Market Week—
due to better weather about the mid- dle of March. Sheets, plates and shapes are moving reasonably well. Prices are firm at pending levels.
Steel in Europe
Foreign Steel Prices, Page 73
London—(By Cable)—Pig iron consumption is increasing in Great Britain and additional basic blast furnace capacity is being made ready. Monthly domestic pig iron consumption of 10,000 tons prevents export sales. The coke and ore sit- uation is satisfactory and Conti- nental deliveries of semifinished steel are improving. British commercial steel users are experiencing diffi- culties owing to government priority orders. Exports of tin plate are fair.
An advance in British iron and steel prices is expected soon. The advanced prices will not be of ad- vantage to manufacturers as the ad- ditional funds will be paid into a general fund administered by the ministry of supply toward meeting extra cost of steel and iron imports distributed by the ministry to do- mestic users.
Belgium and Luxemburg report exports quieter but mills booked well ahead.
Bolts, Nuts, Rivets Bolt, Nut, Rivet Prices, Page 71
Bolt and nut business remains fairly active, but in some districts the trend is downward and expect- ed to go lower before end of the quarter. Automotive specifications are heavy, and requirements for railroad car building are substan- tial. Miscellaneous demand is slow- er, with purchases by jobbers quiet and construction needs off season- ally. Prices generally are steady.
Coke Oven By-Products
Coke By-Product Prices, Page 71
New York—-While there has been a slight decline in demand for dis- tillates, buying and shipments of other coke oven by-products are maintained, with seasonal gains noted in a few instances. Lacquer makers still take substantial ship- ments of distillates. Supplies and demand are better balanced and con sumption is absorbing current pro- duction without accumulations of stock. Phenol demand is steady, with the plastic industry a leading consumer. Naphthalene is experi- encing a seasonal upturn, while ship- ments and orders for sulphate of ammonia to the fertilizer trade are mounting. Prices are unchanged.
Iron Ore
Iron Ore Prices, Page 74
Cleveland—-Appearance of United States Steel Corp., through its sub- sidiary, Oliver Iron Mining Co., in the open market as a seller of iron ore has come as a surprise move This development has accompanied disclosure of sale by the Oliver company to the Ford Motor Co. of an estimated 120,000 tons of straight Mesabi ore.
While the price prevailing on the Ford contract has not been official- ly named, it is reported a reduc- tion of $1.25 a ton was made from the market established earlier this month on a number of sales to other consumers. The market at that time for delivery at lower lake ports was: Mesabi, $5.10 for besse- mer and $4.95 for nonbessemer; Old range, $5.25 for bessemer and $5.10 for nonbessemer. The _ purported cut of $1.25 to Ford would mean a delivered price on Mesabi non- bessemer ore of $3.70.
A revised figure on stocks of Lake Superior iron ore at furnaces and on Lake Erie docks has been issued by Lake Superior Iron Ore associa- tion. The new total as of Jan. 1 is given as 35,439,773 gross tons, in- stead of 37,377,910 tons, noted in the original report. This compares with 40,732,096 tons a month ago and 34,- 578,849 tons a year ago.
New York—A substantial tonnage of chrome ore, lump, minimum 48 per cent, for metallurgical use, has recently been sold at slightly in ex- cess of $28 per gross ton, c.i.f. sea- board. This points to greater strength in the market than re- cently indicated.
Equipment
Seattle—Heavy automotive, mine dredging and electrical equipment are in best demand. Several Alaska mining interests have placed con- tracts for dredging machinery with West Coast plants or are planning such equipment. Purchasing agent Alaska Railroad, Seattle, will open bids Jan. 31 for 10 tons track spikes, wire, gates, valves, mild steel and other items. Spokane received fig- ures Jan. 25 for compressor, electric welder, storage tank and other ma- terials. Tacoma has called tenders Feb. 9 for cone valves and Contrac- tors Equipment Co. is low to Bonne- ville authority fer a crawler power shovel.
Ferroalloys Ferroalloy Prices, Page 72 New York—While chrome alloys are moving more slowly than last
STEEL
—The Market Week—
month, due to anticipatory buying prior to the price advances Jan. 1, there has been a good movement in alloys generally so far this month. Ferromanganese shipments may exceed those in December, as consumers are working off sub- stantial stocks acquired in the sec- ond quarter before the $20 price advance which took place Oct. 1. Since that time, ferromanganese sellers generally have held prices unchanged at $100, duty paid, east- ern seaboard. Domestic spiegel- eisen also had been steady at $32, Palmerton, Pa., for 19 to 21 per cent material, and $39.50 for 26 to 28 per cent material.
Nonferrous Metals
New York-—-Weakness in metal prices, coupled with reticence on the part of consumers to make for- ward commitments, continued last week. The move in copper culmi- nated on Friday with the posting by American Smelting & Refining Co. of a 11.62%-cent price for elec- trolytic. Zine prices also declined while tin weakened early in the week before recovering part of the losses toward the close.
Copper—All leading producers lowered electrolytic prices to 12.00c, Connecticut, on Monday and main-
Nonferrous -———— Copper Electro, Lake, Straits Tin del. del. Casting, New York Jan. Conn. Midwest refinery Spot Futures 20 12.25 12.50 12.00 46.00 44.62! 22 12.00 12.00 11.62% 45.25 44.00 23 12.00 12.00 11.62% 45.25 44.12% 24 12.00 12.00 11.62% 45.25 45.25 25 12.00 12.00 11.62% 45.50 44.75 26 11.62% 12.00 11.62% 45.50 45.12% *Nominal.
MILL PRODUCTS
F.o.b. mill base, cents per lb., except as
specified. Copper brass products based on 12.00c Conn. copper
Sheets Yellow brass (high) ree Comper BOt TONG oc sees 00 OBZ ECOG. CUC IO JOUDETS 22k ce sos 8.75 BAO. SO WN WORE 6 kb See ale ws 6 24 2 kOe Tubes Panett VOUOW WIRGE sc caps ces eee ee’ 21.40 PICORCEE CODGEE 656 Gik d vein aes ee is 21.12 Rods Miah yellow Dace . .. 6. .s cies es AST Cer, Ot TOMOE co aise ewes ces 17.12 Anodes ASOT, AUTAUIMIIOG nS ee cee 17.87 Wire SeLOW Drage (CHIR) owe... .18.90
OLD METALS Nom. Dealers’ Buying Prices
No. 1 Composition Red Brass New York : .7.25-7.50
Cleveland ..... . Easy ? é : ; .7.75-8.00 NN fa sarat Sago Sod oovi nt ey wo ee tok aa 7.75-8.00 ee, MRI Sig ars Xe eg a tn hire aed ie 8.00-8.25
Heavy Copper and Wire
DOW TORR ING: FD occ. cc evs ss) GOODS CeVirees PWOe 2 in 5 eee ewes 9.00-9.25
January 29, 1940
tained that level until Friday when one custom smelter lowered prices *s-cent to 11.62%c. All allied prod- uct prices, including rolled and drawn products, brass and bronze ingots, and scrap, declined to the 12-cent basis. Statistics were re- leased showing a drop of 157,058 tons in domestic refined stocks dur- ing the final five months of the year to a total of only 159,485 tons. Monthly average shipments during the period jumped to 91,463 tons.
Lead—On three of the five full market days several producers bal- anced or exceeded their daily ore in- takes. The market was not affected outwardly by the easier tendency in copper and zinc. Prices held at 5.35c, East St. Louis.
Zinc—Following a prolonged pe- riod during which only light sales were reported, producers lowered prices %4-cent on Monday to the ba- sis of 5.50c, East St. Louis. Although fresh demand was dull, shipments continued fairly heavy.
Tin—Straits spot prices fluctuated between 45.25¢c and 45.50c in a quiet market.
Antimony—Only routine business was booked at unchanged prices on the basis of 14.00c, New York, for American spot in cases and nominal- ly 16.50c, duty paid New York, for Chinese spot.
Metal Prices
Anti- Lead Alumi- mony Nickel Lead East Zinc num Amer. Cath-
N.Y. St.L. St. L. 99% Spot, N.Y. odes
5.50 5.25 5.75 20.00 14.00 35.00 9.50 5.30 5.50 20.00 14.00 35.00 9.50 5.35 5.50 20.00 14.00 35.00 9.50 5.35 5.50 20.00 14.00 35.00 3.50 5.35 5.50 20.00 14.00 35.00 9.50 5.35 5.50 20.00 14.00 35.00 Cnieneo, No. 2 68s: . .9.00-9.25 St. Louis p admsiata: Feces .9.00-9.50 Composition Brass Turnings New York ...... Sele st a: .7.00-7.25 Light Copper a ae | 2 ; 7.00-7.25 RICVEIONG «5.6.0 s0a ss . : ; «4.00+7.25 ae i nee aera os Fe St. Louis ealis ee etne es aie sais 7.00-7.25 Light Brass Cleveland es niche eats oi4 ....3.75-4.00 CIACARO™ 2 66a Edigials. x09 oe «eae St. Lowils. ... ees 4.75-5.00 Lead De aE als & ow civ hee sew : . 4.85 VOREOME! fcc ck tae ses .4.37 % -4.50 ECU) ps 5 ost ear as p00 so 0s ee St. Louis he 4.00-4.25 Zine Mot a Ls i a re .3.00-3.25 Cb, 3.00-3.25 ee ERE eee So, wn neice .3.25-3.50 Aluminum Mixed, cast, Cleveland a+ a0 - =o Borings, Cleveland Wop’ awhph qiayelge se Clips, soft, Cleveland 15.75-16.00 Misc. cast, St. Louis ...........8.75-9.00
SECONDARY METALS Brass ingot, 85-5-5-5, less carloads. .12.50 Standard No, 12 aluminum.. .14.50-15.00
Past the experimental stage for over a year, the successful welding of tool steel is an accomplished fact today with Eureka tool steel electrodes.
If you are not already familiar with the successful, money saving, time and trouble saving application of Eureka alloy electrodes let us hear from you today.
Eureka For All Tool Steels
Welding and reconditioning dies for blanking. embossing, coining, cold forg- ing, cold trim, and thread rolling is reg- ular practice with Eureka rods. The cutting edge on flame hardening die steels can be welded, annealed, ma- chined and flame hardened without quenching to approximately 600 brin- nell. Shear blades and the atomic welding of forming dies is simple with Eureka alloy rods. And, you can sur- face carbon steel tools such as cable bits, track tools, stone shaping tools, moulds for plastics with these special Eureka rods. !
Start Saving Now!
Start saving at once by using Eureka rods. We'll go over submitted prob- lems carefully.
EUREKA Welding Wire
for every purpose
WELDING
EQUIPMENT & SUPPLY CO.
2720 East Grand Blvd. OR On |
87
Construction -=: Enterprise
Ohio
CHAUNCEY, O.—Village, N. D. Hines, mayor, contemplates’ sanitary sewer, sewerage treatment plant and water- works; cost $170,000; J. J. Morgan, 255 East Broad street, Columbus, engineer; will also soon file WPA application.
CHILLICOTHE, O.—City, H. H. Brown, mayor, W. W. Layman, chairman, utili- ties commission of city council, plans purchase of plant from Chillicothe Wate! Co. for $700,000 and install softening apparatus at cost $125,000; plans fo! latter probably will be completed before purchase of plant.
CLEVELAND—City, deliver and install at Lake road generating station, 12 steel tanks; vertical condensate surge, 28,500- gallon 16 x 18-feet; vertical service water, 16,000-gallon 17 x 10%-foot; ver- tical city water, 15,000-gallon about 4 x 18-foot; vertical distilled water, 27,000- gallon about 14 x 25-foot; horizontal I D fan bearing water, 900-gallon 5 x 5 x 5- foot, horizontal boiler blow-down, 400 pounds per square inch, 3400-gallon 6 x 14-feet by 6 inches; 3 horizontal flash tanks, 400 pounds per square inch; 300- gallon 3 x 5 feet; horizontal fuel oil, 5000-gallon 6% x 19% feet; George C. Oxer, commissioner, division of light and power, city hall; L. A. Quayle, utilities engineer, Auditorium building; Peter F. Loftus, 632 Oliver building, Pittsburgh, consulting engineer.
MT. GILEAD, O.—Village, James P. Bennett, mayor, H. C. Hair, clerk, M. G. MecDill, sanitary engineer, plans repairs and additions to plant including Lewis chemical treatment plant to cost about $7000; special election Feb. 20 to raise funds
OBERLIN, O.—City, H. V. Zahm, cit) manager, contemplates enlarging present light plant due to increase in kilowatt usage caused by erection of new college building; estimated cost $65,000; en- gineer not yet selected.
REPUBLIC, O.—Village, C. FE. Womer, mayor, George Paden, clerk, con- templates distribution system and ele- vated tank; estimated cost $78,000; to sell $17,000 bonds; Champe, Finkbeine! & Associates, Nicholas building, Toledo, consulting engineers.
WALBRIDGE, O.—Village, Edward Cavanaugh, clerk, completing plans for sewage plant and pumping station; ma- terials will be purchased jointly by WPA n Columbus and village; cost $96,000.
WEST FARMINGTON, O.— Village, Cc. C. Creaser, mayor, plans waterworks system; WPA grant of $32,700 approved; C. J. Simon & Associates, Van Wert, con- sulting engineer; proiect includes ele- vated tank; cost $61,000
Pennsylvania
NEW KENSINGTON, PA.—Plans being prepared for an addition to warehouse; owner Aluminum Co. of America; J. W. Schrieber, Gulf building, Pittsburgh, en- gzinee!
TITUSVILLE, Pa.—Bids are being re- ceived for addition to inspection and shipping building on East Spring street; owner Cyclops division, Universal Cy- clops Steel Corp.; no date set for closing bids: Rogers Structural Steel Co., Corry, Pa,, and L, O. Bouquin Co., 13 West First street, Oil City, Pa., are bidding; plans private.
Michigan
DETROIT—Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, architects, are preparing plans for a factory building in Portland, Mich., for Portland Mfg. Co.
DETROIT—Fullerton Construction Co.
has contract for erection of a $11,000 addition to the plant of Detroit Har- vester Co.
JACKSON, MICH.—Construction of a new strip mill costing $40,000 is an- nounced by George M. Carter, president, Sheet Aluminum Corp.; plant to be com- pleted in March.
MUSKEGON, MICH.—Michigan Asso- ciated Telephone Co. is preparing to spend $110,000 on plant improvements in 1940; H. R. Christianson, general mana- ger.
Alabama SELMA, ALA.—City, Lucien Burns, mayor, plans construction of storm
sewers and extension of water mains.
Maryland
HAGERSTOWN, MD.—City, Richard H. Sweeney, mayor, considering installation of new boilers at municipal light plant; estimated cost $260,000.
District of Columbia
WASHINGTON — Potomac Electric Power Co., Tenth and East streets N. W., has construction budget of $7,230,944 for 1940, excluding the 1939 commitments of approximately $5,500,000, major part of which is to complete installation of the 50,000 kilowatt unit at Buzzard Point plant; approximately 50 per cent of the new budget is for routine exten- sion of lines and improved distribution facilities to serve new customers, re- mainder for adding special transmission and distribution facilities.
WASHINGTON—Navy department, bu- reau of supplies and accounts, will re- ceive sealed bids until 10 a.m. Jan. 30, schedule 496, portable air compressor, delivery Key West, Fla., schedule 473, lo- comotive, 500-horsepower, weight 80 tons, diesel-electric operated, complete with spare parts, delivery Indian Head, Md.; Feb. 2, schedule 495, tractors, gaso- line, delivery Quantico, Va., and San Diego, Calif., schedule, 509 welding set, electric, gasoline engine driven, portable, truck mounted, complete with meters and accessories, delivery Key West, Fla., schedule 510, grinder, valve seat, heavy duty, motor driven, complete with motor, vacuum cleaning equipment and _ spare parts, delivery Pensacola, Fla., schedule 480, 2 lathes, precision, screw cutting, independent power feed and lead, bench type, motor driven, delivery Alameda, Calif., schedule 482, lathe, precision, bench type, hand feed motor driven, delivery Alameda Calif., schedule 483 Grinder universal, motor driven, delivery Alameda, Calif., schedule 489, truck, motor, new, latest model, delivery Seattle, schedule 493, press, drill, mul- tiple spindle, motor driven, delivery San Diego, Calif., Feb. 6, schedule 484, molder, electric, 4 x 6 inches, motor driven, delivery Puget Sound, Wash.
Florida
LIVE OAK, FLA.—REA allotted $21,- 000 to Suwannee electric co-operative association; will be used to finance com- pletion of first section of rural line as originally designed, and to build 14 miles in Suwannee county.
MIAMI, FLA.—City voted to purchase water distribution system from Florida Power & Light Co.; cost $5,250,000.
North Carolina
WEST JEFFERSON, N. C.-—-REA ap- proved an application of newly organized Blue Ridge cold storage co-operative to finance building of combination freezer locker and cold storage plant in Ashe
South Carolina
BAMBERG, S. C.—Edisto electric co- operative has REA allotment of $22,000 for enlargement of rural electrification system in four counties and Bamberg, Allendale, Orangeburg and Dorchester.
WINNSBORO, S. C.—Fairfield co-op- erative rural electrification association to construct 34 miles in Fairfield county; allotment of $24,000 approved.
Tennessee
KNOXVILLE, TENN.—Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., Hurt build- ing, Atlanta, Ga., will expend $766,396 in Knoxville area for expansion and improvements in 1940; approximately $500,000 will be for additions and new installations, remainder for repair and construction; work contemplated at Knoxville includes estimates of $210,000 for central office installations and $228,- 796 for outside plant expansion.
Louisiana
NEW ORLEANS, LA.—Department of public finances receives bid in city office of purchasing agent, Jan. 23 for fur- nishing fabricated steel columns and girts for incinerator, East Furnace street; all steel; shop coat rust-resisting alu- minum before delivery.
West Virginia
Lynchburg, W. VA.—Craddock-Terry Shoe Corp. will erect 2-story building 26 x 160 feet adjoining present ware- house, Ninth street; provide an addi- tional 12,000 square feet of office space
Virginia
CHILHOWIE, VA.—Vanee Co. is seek- ing cement cylinder manufacturing ma- chines.
RICHLANDS, VA.—Appalachian Powe! Co., Roanoke, Va., plans erection of transformer station on recently acquired site in Hankins Bottoms; will carry a load of 30,000 volts.
Oklahoma
WETUMKA, OKLA. Midwestern En- pineering & Construction Co., Tulsa, has contract for engineering work on _ pro- posed 150-mile rural line; O. Jameson, chairman of board of directors.
Minnesota
KETTLE RIVER, MINN. Carlton county power co-operative, Tom Ross, secretary, is drawing plans and will be ready for bids about Feb. 15 on con- struction of a brick powerhouse and 400-kilovolt plant; United Engineering Service, 1406 Lake street W., Minneapo- lis, consulting engineer.
Texas
DALLAS, TEX.—Dallas Power & Light Co. plans $11,300 improvements to down town underground system.
Kansas
NORTONVILLE, KANS.—City, C. A Leighton, mayor, is taking bids to Feb. 8, 3 p.m. on construction of wells, 50,000- gallon tank and tower and distribution system; estimated cost $36,000; E. T. Archer & Co., 609 New England build- ing, Kansas City, Mo., consulting en- gineers.
STERLING, KANS.—City, Robert F. Peart, manager, will hold election Feb 6, on $198,000 bond issue to finance new power plant building, diesel generating sets, switchboard and new feeder lines; Burns & McDonnell Engineering Co., 107
STEEL
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ROLL PASS DESIGN Born volumes are thoroughly revised, en-
By W. Trink larged and rewritten to include the latest de- YW. £Tinks velopments and investigations involved in roll pass design.
New Second Editions e Professor Trinks. the leading authority on the
VOLUMES I and II theory of roll design in the United States gives
the rolling mill industry a complete treatise on fact and theory underlying all roll pass design including applications of rolling principles rather than a compilation of passes.
201 Pages—7 Tables— Volume I 139 Drawings— $4.50 Post paid
? 246 Pages—21 Tables—7 Charts— THE PENTON PUBLISIIING CO. \ olume 11} ,7¢ Illustrations—¢6 (0 Postpaid Book Department 1213 W. 3rd St. Cleveland, O
January 29, 1940
West Linwood boulevard, Kansas City,
Mo., consulting engineers.
South Dakota
FLANDREAU, S. DAK.—Sioux valley empire electric association, L. W. Elifson, president, has awarded contract subject to REA approval to Megarry Bros., St. Cloud, Minn., at $234,568 for rural trans- mission lines in Brookins, north half of Moody and Lake counties and sub-sta- tion at Lone Tree; also contract to Humphrey & Thompson, Omaha, Nebr., at $249,260 for lines in south half of Lake and Moody counties and _ portion of Minnehaha county; Buell & Winter, 508 Insurance Exchange building, Sioux City, Iowa, consulting engineers.
Nebraska
COLUMBUS, NEBR. Thompson Co., Omaha, bid of $84,629 for 17% miles of 69,000- volt transmission lines between Belden and Winside, for the Loup river public power district; also included is construc- tion of a sub-station at Belden,
FREMONT, NEBR.—City, L. T. Water- man, mayor, has selected Black & Veatch, 4706 Broadway, Kansas City, Mo., for addition of a 3500-kilowatt gen- erator to its present power plant; esti- mated cost $280,000.
LINCOLN, NEBR.—REA has allotted $30,000 to Lancaster county rural public Brink, superintendent, construction
Humphreys & submitted low
power district; G. to finance miscellaneous and operation.
Iowa
ATLANTIC, LOWA—City, Fred Herb- ert, clerk, plans construction of a sew- age disposal plant under WPA project to cost about $120,000,
BEDFORD, IOWA—City, J. S. Nevius, mayor, is taking bids to Feb. 13, 10 a.m. on extension and improvement of water- works plant to cost an estimated $36,- 755; Stanley Engineering Co., Muscatine, consulting engineer.
DENNISON, IOWA—WPA has_ap- proved project for extension of water- works system to cost $20,000; work to start soon
GLIDDEN, IOWA—REA has allotted $20,000 to Glidden rural electric co- operative, Thomas Connor, superintend- finance building of connecting
about 100 consumers in Car- counties; Stanley consulting
ent, to lines for roll, Green and Sac Engineering Co., Muscatine, engineers
JAMAICA, TOWA—City has started work with WPA aid on extension of its water system and erection of a pump house and tank; cost $24,115; Ralph Gearhart, Cedar Rapids, consulting en- gzineer.,
POSTVILLE, IOWA ton electric co-operative, James, superintendent, is making sur- vey for 150 additional miles of rural transmission lines in Allamakee, Clay- ton and Fayette counties; A. W. Grubb, Vinton, consulting engineer.
SIDNEY, ITOWA—City, Vernon son, mayor, will hold hearing Feb, 7:30 p.m. on a resolution for construc- tion of sewers and a sewage disposal plant including an Imhoff tank, trick- ling filters, sludge bed and piping at a total cost of $75,000; Buell & Winter, 508 Insurance Exchange building, Sioux
Allamakee-Clay- Kermit M.
John-
9
City, Iowa, consulting engineers. Colorado
FORT COLLINS, COLO.—Poudre val- ley rural electric association, L. S. Gal- lie, superintendent, is preparing plans
and will soon take bids on 219 miles of rural transmission lines; cost $230,000.
PUEBLO, COLO.—Southern Colorado Power Co., W. N. Clark, president, plans addition to its generating plant and im- provements during 1940 to double gen- erating capacity; estimated cost $1,- 000,000.
WRAY, COLO. City council has passed ordinance authorizing $50,000 in bonds to finance improvement of muni- cipal light plant.
Montana
MISSOULA, MONT.—Homer Johnson, Portland, Oreg., low bidder at $94,250 for construction of 117 miles of rural transmission lines in Missoula, Granit and Powell counties for Missoula elec- tric co-operative, 402 Woody street; J. M. Garrison, state water conservation board, Helena, consulting engineer.
Idaho
MOSCOW, IDAHO—H. D. Powell, is low at $84,000 to board of regents, Uni- versity of Idaho, for major expansions of heating plant.
Pacific Coast
LOS ANGELES—American Manganese Steel Co. is erecting a steel frame ma- chine shop at 5805 Downey road; cost $7300.
LOS ANGELES—General Steel Co. of America has incorporated to conduct business at 8328 Fountain avenue; cer- tificate issued to D. Edelman.
LOS ANGELES—American Steel & Wire Co. of New Jersey has been re- corded in Los Angeles county, with a capital stock of $100,000,000; California agent, Joseph C. Cannon, 308 North Sycamore avenue.
LOS ANGELES—United States Metal Corp., 16 Fremont street, Las Vegas, Nev., has incorporated with 2000 shares no par value capital stock; California agent, Roy S. Gangestead, Associated Realty building, Sixth street.
DAYTON, WASH.—City has started suit to acquire property needed for pro- posed storage reservoir; project also in- cludes purchase of unstated tonnage of cast iron pipe.
KELSO, WASH.—Cowlitz county pub- lic utilities district has petitioned REA for $70,000 for construction of proposed
45-mile power line extension in this county. NAPAVINE, WASH.—Ben W. Criem,
chief construction staff Bonneville au- thority, announces plans are in prepara- tion and bids will be called soon for
proposed $250,000 power sub-station here. SEATTLE—Parks Canning Co., 468
Colman building; incorporated at $50,000; James W. Parks and associates to proc- ess agricultural and sea products.
TACOMA, WASH.—City officials are negotiating with Dr. Paul J. Raver, ad- ministrator of Bonneville power project, with reference to a proposed 10-year contract for interchange of power.
VANCOUVER, WASH.— Deeds have been filed transferring 215 acres on the Columbia river near here from. the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway to Aluminum Co. of America on which the latter proposes to erect its plant.
WATERVILLE, WASH.—Douglas coun- ty rural electric association expects early allocation of federal funds for erection of proposed 76-mile power line in Doug- las county.
YAKIMA, WASH.—Formation of a lo- cal improvement district for expansion of domestic water system has. been completed in anticipation of proposed expenditure of $37,687 for water mains and installation.
Canada
KAMLOOPS, B. C.—City council plans installation of filtration plant to cost $87,000 and additions to present water- works pumping equipment. J. F. Mac- Laren, Gore & Storrie, Toronto, consult- ing engineer.
PENTINGTON, B. C.—Dominion gov- ernments, Ottawa, plans to spend $70,000 on completion of airport here.
FORT GARRY, MAN.—Manitoba Sugar Co. Ltd., Winnipeg, has awarded general contract to Carter-Halls-Aldinger Co. Ltd., Royal bank building, for construc- tion of $1,500,000 factory.
GEORGETOWN, ONT.—Smith & Stone Electrical Mfg. Co. Ltd., College View, will build factory addition to cover 2500 square feet on each of two floors. Bids being received by Kaplan & Sprachman, architects, 305 Dundas street W., Toronto.
HAMILTON, ONT.—R. L. Gibson, gen- eral manager, Cub Aircraft of Canada Ltd., announced construction to. start immediately on new aircraft factory and storage hangar at Hamilton airport; plans approved by department of trans- port, Ottawa; plant to be used for con- struction and assembly of Harlow air- craft.
HESPELER, ONT.—City voted con- struction of sewage system and installa- tion of equipment to cost $105,000; James, Proctor & Redfern Ltd., 36 Toronto street, Toronto, engineers.
KINGSTON, ONT.—Miscellaneous iron contracts have been awarded to Robert Mitchell Co. Ltd., 750 Belair avenue, Montreal, in connection with plant under construction for Aluminum Co. of Canada Ltd., 1010 St. Catharine street W., Montreal; cost $4,500,000; number of sub-contracts have also been placed; Anglin-Norcross Ltd., Montreal, has gen- eral contract.
NEW TORONTO, ONT.—Northern Pig- ment Co. Ltd., Twenty-second street, has acquired 2'-acre site adjoining its plant
here and will erect addition in the spring. PETERBORO, ONT.—Canadian Gen-
eral Electric Co. Ltd., will build addition to plant here; 1-story, 110 x 150 feet; James M. Lyle, architect, 230 Bloor street W., Toronto.
ST. CATHARINES, Industries Ltd., Ontario. street, has awarded general contract for $15,000 plant addition to Newman Bros., 127 St. Paul street.
TORONTO, ONT.—Canadian Breweries Ltd., 296 Victoria street, has awarded structural steel contract to John T. Hep- burn Ltd., 18 Van Horne street, for plant addition; cost $100,000.
TORONTO, ONT.—Morgan Paper Co. Ltd., 925 Dufferin street, will build plant addition at Van Horne street and Glad- stone avenue, l1-story, 45 x 150 feet; general contract awarded R. Downey, 89 Gledhill avenue, East York, Ont.
YORK TOWNSHIP, ONT. — Ontario Hydro Electric System, University ave- nue, Toronto, has purchased large tract on Roselawn avenue and Castlefrank road, and will erect large power station; cost $800,000; to include later six sub- stations.
MONTREAL, QUE.—Alexander Murray & Co. Ltd., 4035 Richelieu street, has awarded general contract to Cook & Leitch, 1440 St. Catharine street W., for factory addition to cost $20,000; T. Pingle & Son Ltd., 485 McGill street, en- gineer.
STE. THERESE, QUE.—Andreef & Co., 606 Cathcart street, Montreal, will build factory for manufacture of sporting goods; cost $20,000.
ONT.—McKinnon
STEEL
Inside the
What oils are best? There’s no quick -and-easy
answer to this one, but care- ful research is producing sound data which cut costs
OU have probably noticed that to-
day’s trend in engines is towards higher steam temperatures and higher steam pressures. All of which may be to your advantage—if you have kept vourself adjusted to the rapidly chang- ing requirements in lubrication.
The owner of a steam engine can never let “out of sight” mean “out of mind.” Because the moving parts he has to lubricate are always out of sight.
That is one of the two basic reasons why steam-cylinder lubrication is extra difficult. The other, of course, is that the oils are exposed to the action of steam .. . often very wet or highly superheated.
The lubrication industry has consid- ered both these conditions in deter- mining what oils best meet your needs. Today’s knowledge has contributed certain lubricants that work effectively within the cylinder. Tomorrow? The study is still going ahead.
SAVING OIL, SPENDING STEAM?
Getting the most from your steam-cylin- der lubrication means more than just keeping cylinder walls free from scoring. More than just insuring that valves don’t chatter.
These signs, it’s true, should indicate that vou have no positive lubrication failures. But, of course, it’s still possible that vou’re using more oil than you need for the same results. Furthermore, it’s not unheard of to save oil at the expense of steam—and fuel costs money, too!
Any successful approach to selecting the right lubricant for each job involves considering many different phases. To list just a few:
Is your engine the uniflow type or counterflow ?
Has it Corliss, piston or poppet valves?
Is your steam wet, dry or superheated? If it’s wet, you can’t afford to use a be sure it’s com-
ADVERTISING PAGES REMOVED
Steam Cylinder...
THE POPPET-VALVE ENGINE
the older types. Whether
requiring lubrication.
high friction that high-pressure superheated steam induces in valves of
Aside from the piston and gears, the long piston rod is the only part lubricated by annular grooves in the rod itself, the rod should be lubricated sparingly to avoid carbonizing and valve sticking.
warping and
packing glands or by
pounded with the correct amount of fatty oils.
Is your operation condensing or non- conde ‘nsing? This has an important bear- ing upon vour selection of a compounded oil.
WE OFTEN OVERSIMPLIFY
At first glance, it seems simple enough to classify the steam your engine uses as wet, dry or superheated, then apply widely known principles, something like these:
I. For wet steam with relatively low pressures and temperatures—use a medium-bodied oil to secure prop- er atomization.
2. Superheated steam demands the use of a heavier bodied oil that will withstand the attendant high tem- peratures and pressures.
But in the dark interior of that black box, conditions are often less clear-cut. Super- heated steam, you say? You mean it’s superheated steam at the throttle. But in many engines this steam has become wet by the time it reaches the exhaust. In such engines our lubrication men have often restored economy of lubrication by
using an oil of medium viscosity, moder- ately compounded (8% to 5%). It’s ae- tual conditions that vour lubricants have to meet, not just theories from a textbook.
MORE PURPOSES THAN ONE
In developing and recommending an oil for any steam cylinder, lubrication men are always mindful that it must do two jobs. It’s not enough that oil form a lubri- cating film between two metallic surfaces. Many installations require an oil properly compounded so that oil separation is ob- tainable to prevent contamination of feed water with consequent boiler failures. The oil must perform these two vital functions often in the presence of extreme heat, without “distilling down” into car- bonaceous deposits . . . and often in the presence of extreme wet-steam conditions. Shell has kept up with theselvital needs under changing conditions. We can al- most always improve your steam-cylinder lubrication, provided you give our lubri- cation man exact data on your engines, together with your particular operating Qur aim is not attained until we find the oil best suited to your needs
conditions.
. and this is usually the oil that does
the best job with the lowest consumption.
February 5, 1940
SHELL »
ial ( str
Indus
LUBRICANTS
Reader COMMENTS
War May Bring Foreign Buying
To the Editor:
We cannot say that the European conflict has, up to the present, af- fected our business to any extent. We are, however, receiving many inquiries from foreign agents who formerly handled belligerent na- tions’ products and if the war con- tinues we anticipate some export business from these sources.
E. L. NEISWANDER Buckeye Machine Co., Lima, O.
Supervisor as an Asset
To the Editor:
A supervisor can be a very good, stable asset if given the opportunity to function without being under wraps.
Industry can add considerable po- tential supervisory asset value by getting a larger return on the pro- ductivity of equipment and quality of product, through efforts of the supervisor.
How can this be done? The super- visor should be taken into the man- agement’s confidence. What does this mean? Management should give the supervisor all information it has relative to costs, labor rela- tions and profit and loss.
A supervisor should never be given a budget built up by imprac- tical theorists. Every effort should be made to have an experienced cost accountant set up the budget. The budget should be in shooting range, when considering the equip- ment and facilities to shoot with. Pressure should never be put on a supervisor to meet budgets when the management, itself, knows that they can never be met when con- sidering the equipment and facilities
February 5, 1940, under act of March 3,
106, No. 6, Cleveland, O.,
issue of STEEL, 1879.
given the supervisor for production purposes.
A supervisor should never be given a cost budget, unless built up from an anticipated sales value and mak- ing a deduction for profit. After the budget has been set, and it is found that the budget cannot be met with the present equipment, then man- agement should bring about changes in equipment or adjust the budget to compensate for any deficiencies in productive equipment.
A supervisor is never to be clerk, his supervisory activities should not be interfered with by asking the supervisor to perform clerical duties or spend any time on small details than can be handled by a clerk.
The supervisor should never be discouraged in formulating his own plans for supervisory activities to be submitted to management. A super- visor should never be hindered in his specific supervisory activities.
ECONOMIST Cleveland
Has Real Labor Harmony
To the Editor:
Our concern is not very large, em- ploying about 50 hands and we have a little different set-up than most of the larger concerns.
We have absolutely no trouble with our employes. Most of them live close to the plant and have been connected with us for a great many years. Many of our men are over 50 years old and are perfectly satisfied and contented with their jobs.
We feel that our relationship is mutually satisfactory.
A. R. STIELER President, Metal Products Corp., West Haven, Conn.
EDITORIAL CONTENTS, PAGE 17 published every Monday at Cleveland,
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Workers Are Civic-Minded
To the Editor:
During the past year our employe relationships have concerned us more than usual. That is, we have done more lately in fostering good relationships than we have ever done before. Specifically this has been done by the creation of a social club sponsored and financed by the employes. Group life insurance and accident insurance have been in stalled with substantial financial contributions by the management. An employe newspaper has beer started. For the past three years we have paid bonuses on the basis of our earnings. These bonuses have been fairly generous.
Our relationship with the public must be placed against a small town background. Our corporation employs about 200 workers and we are situated in a community of 18,- 000. We do no local advertising tu speak of, so little good will can be gained there. We have encouraged, successfully, participation of our men in civic projects. These proj- ects range from church activities to Salvation Army work, Red Cross, Senior and Junior Chamber of Com- merce, service clubs, Y. M. C. A., ete. Nearly all civic organizations in the city find representatives in our company.
We are unable to tell how effec- tive our policies have been. So far as we know our public relationships are good. Our employe relationships have not been marred in a number of years by a disturbance.
Epwarp T. McNALLY Treasurer, McNally-Pittsburg Mfg. Corp., Pittsburg, Kans.
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